La base de datos de estudios

WADA Prohibited List (prohibited at all times)

Citado enTB-500,Ipamorelin,CJC-1295,Tesamorelin,Sermorelin,GHRP-6,GHRP-2,Hexarelin,AOD-9604,HGH Fragment 176-191,IGF-1 LR3,IGF-1 DES,MGF,PEG-MGF,Semaglutide,Tirzepatide,Cagrilintide,Survodutide,Liraglutide,PT-141,Kisspeptin-10,Gonadorelin,HCG,Oxytocin,Cerebrolysin,P21,N-Acetyl Semax Amidate,N-Acetyl Selank Amidate,SS-31 (Elamipretide),Humanin,FOXO4-DRI,DSIP,Follistatin-344,ARA-290 (Cibinetide),LL-37 (Cathelicidin),Thymulin (FTS),ACE-031,Melanotan 1

hsCRP review

Citado enBPC-157,TB-500

Ascorbate & collagen (review)

Citado enBPC-157,TB-500

Vitamin D & muscle (review)

Citado enBPC-157,TB-500

Zinc in wound healing (review)

Citado enBPC-157,TB-500

Gusev, Skvortsova, Miasoedov et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 1997 (Semax in acute ischemic stroke; 12/18 mg/day intranasal)

Citado enSemax,N-Acetyl Semax Amidate

Heffernan et al., Endocrinology 2001 (hGH & AOD9604 in obese mice + β3-AR knockouts; lipolysis NOT directly β3-mediated)

Citado enAOD-9604,HGH Fragment 176-191

Khavinson, Morozov, Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2003 (pineal/thymus peptides 'prolong human life'; n=266 elderly, 6–8 yr; PubMed-indexed as RCT but no blinding/design detail reported; studied epithalamin extract; from the commercializing group)

Citado enEpitalon,Thymalin

Khavinson, Shataeva, Chernova, Bull Exp Biol Med 2003 (hypothesis: regulatory peptides bind promoter sequences to initiate transcription — in silico/in vitro, speculative)

Citado enEpitalon,Vilon (Lys-Glu)

Khavinson, Bondarev, Butyugov, Smirnova, Bull Exp Biol Med 2004 (peptide promotes overcoming the division limit in human somatic cells — same in-vitro fibroblast system)

Citado enEpitalon,Vilon (Lys-Glu)

Dolotov et al., Brain Res 2006 (Semax raises BDNF protein/mRNA and TrkB phosphorylation, rat hippocampus)

Citado enSemax,N-Acetyl Semax Amidate

Zozulya et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2008 (principal human GAD/neurasthenia trial; Selank vs medazepam, n=62)

Citado enSelank,N-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Sarafraz-Yazdi et al., PNAS 2010;107(5):1918–23 (PNC-27 binds membrane HDM-2; selective cancer-cell necrosis, in vitro)

Citado enPNC-27,PNC-28

Matheny et al. 2010 (MGF / IGF-1 E-domain review)

Citado enMGF,PEG-MGF

Fornaro et al. 2014 (no unique activity for synthetic E-peptide)

Citado enMGF,PEG-MGF

Pickart, Vasquez-Soltero & Margolina, Biomed Res Int 2015 (regenerative & protective actions of GHK in skin — review; cites plasma age-decline figure)

Citado enGHK-Cu,GHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

Volkova et al., Front Pharmacol 2016 (Selank affects expression of genes in GABAergic neurotransmission, rat)

Citado enSelank,N-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Pickart, Vasquez-Soltero & Margolina, Brain Sci 2017 (GHK gene-expression / nervous-system effects — review)

Citado enGHK-Cu,GHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

Pickart & Margolina, Int J Mol Sci 2018 (GHK gene-expression & regenerative review; ~4,000-gene transcriptomic claim)

Citado enGHK-Cu,GHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

Ashapkin, Khavinson, Shilovsky, Mol Biol Rep 2020 — gene expression in human MSC aging cultures modulated by short peptides

Citado enVilon (Lys-Glu),Vesugen (KED)

Linkova et al., Int J Mol Sci 2023 — KE & EW dipeptides 'in the composition of the Thymalin drug' and gene expression

Citado enThymalin,Vladonix

Arvat et al. 1997 — GHRP-2 & hexarelin GH potency and ACTH/cortisol/prolactin co-release in humans (Peptides)

Citado enGHRP-2,Hexarelin

PubChem CID 11765600 (Selank / TP-7, tuftsin analog)

Citado enSelank,N-Acetyl Selank Amidate

PubChem CID 175675731 (MGF 24-AA peptide)

Citado enMGF,PEG-MGF

PubChem CID 73587 (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine / GHK; C14H24N6O4, MW 340.38, sequence)

Citado enGHK-Cu,GHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

UniProt P05019 (native IGF-1)

Citado enIGF-1 LR3,IGF-1 DES

FDA — Epitalon placed on Category 2 interim 503A bulk drug substances list (2023; 'may present significant safety risks'); removed from Category 2 in April 2026, pending PCAC review 2026-07-24 (removal is not approval)

Citado enEpitalon,Thymosin Alpha-1

LC–MS/MS assay for 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium in rat plasma (rat PK; oral bioavailability ≈ 38%)

Citado en5-Amino-1MQ

REDEFINE-1, NEJM 2025 (CagriSema phase 3)

Citado enCagrilintide

Yoshino et al., Science 2021 (NCT03151239; NMN improved muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic postmenopausal women; drew a published critique questioning interpretation)

Citado enNAD+

Kolomin et al., Dokl Biochem Biophys 2010 (transcriptomic response of rat hippocampus & spleen to Selank, 200 µg/kg)

Citado enSelank

Clayton et al., Womens Health (Lond) 2016 (Phase 2b dose-finding)

Citado enPT-141

Stier, Vos & Kenley, J Endocrinol Metab 2013 (human safety across six placebo-controlled trials: well tolerated, no IGF-1 rise, no glucose impairment, no immunogenicity)

Citado enAOD-9604

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00672074 (Phase II ileus)

Citado enIpamorelin

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01262664 — first-in-man Phase 1 in obesity + metastatic prostate cancer; TERMINATED, n=4 enrolled, no results posted

Citado enAdipotide

Observational study measuring MOTS-c as a biomarker in type-2 diabetes/CAD (MOTS-c not administered)

Citado enMOTS-c

ClinicalTrials.gov — TRIUMPH Phase 3 program (NCT05929066 active; NCT05931367 completed; NCT06662383 vs tirzepatide)

Citado enGLP3-RT

Melanotan II as adjunct to NB-UVB for vitiligo repigmentation (Phase 2, recruiting; no results posted)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Topical GHK-Cu 0.1% gel for acute skin wound healing (Phase 2, recruiting; no results posted)

Citado enGHK-Cu

Phase-2a trial of subcutaneous MOTS-c in prediabetes + overweight/obesity (Hudson Biotech; recruiting from 2026-02; no results posted) — first human administration of MOTS-c

Citado enMOTS-c

Li et al., Cell Discovery 2024 (structural insights into triple agonism at GLP-1R/GIPR/GCGR by retatrutide)

Citado enGLP3-RT

Camacho-Pereira / Chini et al., Cell Metab 2016 (CD38 dictates age-related NAD+ decline and mitochondrial dysfunction via SIRT3; largely mouse + some human adipose)

Citado enNAD+

Pharmacokinetics of thymosin α1 after subcutaneous injection in healthy volunteers (rapid absorption, serum half-life ~2 h, no accumulation; well absorbed SC)

Citado enThymosin Alpha-1

Bone 1999 (rabbit)

Citado enBPC-157

Belchetz et al., Science 1978 (pulsatile vs continuous GnRH, rhesus monkeys)

Citado enGonadorelin

Frieboes et al. 1999 — nocturnal GH/ACTH, route comparison (J Neuroendocrinol)

Citado enGHRP-6

Locatelli et al. 1999 — GH-independent cardioprotection by hexarelin in rat (Endocrinology)

Citado enHexarelin

J Invest Dermatol 1999 (Tβ4 wound healing, rat)

Citado enTB-500

Gobburu et al., Pharm. Res. 1999 (human PK)

Citado enIpamorelin

Belokrylov, Popova, Sorochinskaya, Int J Immunopharmacol 1999 — immuno-/phagocytosis-modulating properties of dipeptides defined by their constituent amino acids

Citado enThymogen (Oglufanide)

Tulpule, Scadden et al., J Clin Oncol 2000 — randomized study of IM-862 (oglufanide) nasal solution in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (Phase II, open-label)

Citado enThymogen (Oglufanide)

Polunin et al., Vestn Oftalmol 2000 (Semax in optic nerve disease; controlled 3-group study)

Citado enSemax

Stubbs, Clin Obstet Gynecol 2000 (oxytocin for labor induction)

Citado enOxytocin

Rahim & Shalet 1998 — partial, reversible desensitization to 16-wk hexarelin (Growth Horm IGF Res)

Citado enHexarelin

Wessells et al., Urology 2000 (Melanotan II in organic erectile dysfunction; crossover)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Wessells et al., Int J Impot Res 2000 (human Melanotan II erectile-dysfunction study; double-blind crossover, RigiScan)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Ng et al., Horm Res 2000 (synthetic lipolytic domain AOD9604: weight gain ↓>50% in obese Zucker rats; no insulin-sensitivity penalty)

Citado enAOD-9604

Arvat et al. 2001 — ghrelin/GHS-R agonism, GHRH synergy, distinct receptors (JCEM)

Citado enGHRP-2

Gimpl & Fahrenholz, Physiol Rev 2001 (the oxytocin receptor system)

Citado enOxytocin

Turchaninova LN et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2000 — IM Cortagen 10 µg/kg ×10 d increased sciatic-nerve growth rate (~+27%) and conduction velocity (~+40%) in rats

Citado enCortagen (AEDP)

Hashimoto et al., PNAS 2001 — discovery of humanin as a neuronal 'rescue factor'

Citado enHumanin

Kost et al., Bioorg Khim 2001 (Semax & Selank inhibit enkephalin-degrading enzymes of human serum)

Citado enSelank

Lee & McPherron, PNAS 2001 — regulation of myostatin activity / follistatin-transgenic mice

Citado enFollistatin-344

Tomas et al. (food-restricted rat)

Citado enIGF-1 LR3

Khavinson VK et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2001 — tissue-specific effects of short peptides (school mechanism framing)

Citado enCortagen (AEDP)

Wren et al. 2001 — ghrelin increases food intake in humans (+28%) (JCEM)

Citado enGHRP-6

Lawrence et al. 2002 — central ghrelin/GHRP-6 induce feeding via NPY (rat, Endocrinology)

Citado enGHRP-6

Bodart et al. 2002 — CD36 mediates the cardiovascular action of GHRPs/hexarelin (Circ Res)

Citado enHexarelin

Br J Pharmacol 2002 — PAT (thymulin-related peptide ANALOG) analgesic/anti-inflammatory in rat

Citado enThymulin (FTS)

Panisset et al., J Neural Transm 2002 — Cerebrolysin in Alzheimer's disease (n=192)

Citado enCerebrolysin

Kolosova LI et al., Doklady Biological Sciences 2002 — delayed effect of Cortagen on functional restoration of an injured nerve (rat)

Citado enCortagen (AEDP)

Anisimov, Khavinson, Alimova et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2002 (Epitalon 1 mg SC 5×/wk lifelong; +13.5%/+13.9% mean/max lifespan + fewer tumors in her-2/neu mice — Khavinson lineage; not independently replicated)

Citado enEpitalon

Khavinson VKh, Lezhava TA, Monaselidze JG et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2002 — flagship: Livagen reactivates ribosomal genes and decondenses pericentromeric heterochromatin in old-donor lymphocytes

Citado enLivagen (KEDA)

des(1-3)IGF-1 IGF-1R/Akt in vivo

Citado enIGF-1 DES

Koczulla et al., J Clin Invest 2003 — LL-37/hCAP-18 is angiogenic via FPRL1 (FPR2); links host defense to neovascularization

Citado enLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

Djeridane, Khavinson, Anisimov, Touitou, J Endocrinol Invest 2003 (synthetic AEDG had NO significant effect on melatonin secretion in perfused young/old rat pineal — semi-independent; contradicts the melatonin claim)

Citado enEpitalon

Khavinson, Bondarev, Butyugov, Bull Exp Biol Med 2003 (Epitalon induces telomerase activity + telomere elongation in cultured human fetal fibroblasts — IN VITRO; single source; not replicated)

Citado enEpitalon

Kost NV et al., Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2003 — Livagen (defined as Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) inhibits serum enkephalin-degrading enzymes, IC50 ≈20 µM; no µ/δ-opioid receptor binding (primary-sources the KEDA sequence)

Citado enLivagen (KEDA)

Witschi et al. 1992 (oral PK)

Citado enGlutathione

Francis et al. 1992 (J Mol Endocrinol)

Citado enIGF-1 LR3

Ikonen et al., PNAS 2003 — humanin interacts with IGFBP-3 to regulate survival/apoptosis

Citado enHumanin

Diamond et al., Int J Impot Res 2004 (intranasal PT-141 in men)

Citado enPT-141

Romani, Bistoni, Puccetti et al., Blood 2004;103(11):4232–4239 (Tα1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through Toll-like receptor signaling — in vitro / mouse)

Citado enThymosin Alpha-1

World J. Gastroenterol. 2004

Citado enBPC-157

Khavinson VKh, Lezhava TA, Malinin VV, Bull Exp Biol Med 2004 — short peptides (incl. Livagen) affect lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects

Citado enLivagen (KEDA)

Kolonin et al., Nature Medicine 2004 — origin study: CKGGRAKDC homing peptide + prohibitin target; targeted ablation reverses obesity in mice

Citado enAdipotide

Anisimov SV et al., Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2004 — microarray: Cortagen altered ~110 genes in mouse heart; defines Cortagen = Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro from Cortexin

Citado enCortagen (AEDP)

Demers et al. 2004 — mapping of the hexarelin/GHRP binding site on CD36 (Biochem J)

Citado enHexarelin

Schuelke et al., NEJM 2004 — myostatin mutation causing gross muscle hypertrophy in a child

Citado enFollistatin-344

Pralmorelin (KP-102, GPA-748) Adis R&D profile 2004 — Japanese diagnostic approval, discontinued US development (Drugs R D)

Citado enGHRP-2

Adv Gerontol 2004 — pineal-gland peptide factors and thymus/bone-marrow rhythms in aging animals (Russian school)

Citado enVladonix

Nature 2004 (Tβ4, ILK/Akt, cardiac repair)

Citado enTB-500

Laferrère et al. 2005 — GHRP-2 increases food intake (+35.9%) in healthy men (JCEM)

Citado enGHRP-2

Coviello et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 (low-dose hCG maintains intratesticular testosterone)

Citado enHCG

Endocrinology 2005 (hGRF(1-29)-albumin bioconjugate; original CJC-1295 ID, rat)

Citado enCJC-1295

Glutathione-S-transferases (review)

Citado enGlutathione

Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2005

Citado enBPC-157

Kosfeld et al., Nature 2005 (oxytocin increases trust in humans)

Citado enOxytocin

Gombart et al., FASEB J 2005 — CAMP (cathelicidin) is a direct vitamin-D-receptor target gene

Citado enLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

Dhillo et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 (KP-54 first-in-human, ↑testosterone)

Citado enKisspeptin-10

Goldspink 2005 (MGF / mechano-growth-factor hypothesis)

Citado enMGF

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 (CJC-1295 human PK/PD/safety, multi-day GH/IGF-1)

Citado enCJC-1295

Eremin et al., Neurochem Res 2005 — Semax activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents (animal; plain Semax)

Citado enN-Acetyl Semax Amidate

Shevchenko et al., Bioorg Khim 2006 (intranasal brain penetration & rapid degradation; PGP dominant metabolite, rat)

Citado enSemax

Dolotov et al., J Neurochem 2006 (specific brain binding KD ≈ 2.4 nM; basal-forebrain BDNF, rat)

Citado enSemax

Zolotarev et al., Bioorg Khim 2006 (tritium-labeled Selank biodegradation; degradation products identified)

Citado enSelank

Michl et al., Int J Cancer 2006;119(7):1577–85 (PNC-28: nude-mouse pancreatic xenograft; IP over ~2 weeks; reported tumor destruction sparing normal cells — in vivo)

Citado enPNC-28

Lezhava T, Monaselidze J, Kadotani T et al., Georgian Med News 2006 — Epitalon, Livagen, Vilon reactivate chromatin (ribosomal-gene/NOR reactivation, heterochromatin decondensation) in old-donor lymphocytes

Citado enLivagen (KEDA)

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 (preserved GH pulsatility under continuous stimulation)

Citado enCJC-1295

J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2006

Citado enBPC-157

Domes et al., Biol Psychiatry 2007 (oxytocin improves 'mind-reading')

Citado enOxytocin

Deigin, Semenets et al., Int Immunopharmacol 2007 — EW (Glu-Trp) dipeptide isomers and the CFU-S population in mice

Citado enThymogen (Oglufanide)

Agapova et al., Neurosci Lett 2007 (region-specific NGF/BDNF transcript changes, rat brain)

Citado enSemax

Lezhava T, Jokhadze T, Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007 — peptide-induced activation of pericentromeric/telomeric heterochromatin in old-individual lymphocytes

Citado enLivagen (KEDA)

Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007

Citado enBPC-157

Yamasaki et al., Nat Med 2007 — abnormal cathelicidin (KLK5) processing drives rosacea skin inflammation

Citado enLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

Pyo et al., Arch Pharm Res 2007 (tripeptide-copper complex AHK-Cu: dermal-papilla-cell proliferation + ex vivo human hair-follicle elongation, in vitro/ex vivo)

Citado enAHK

Lee, PLoS ONE 2007 — quadrupling muscle mass by targeting TGF-β pathways (follistatin Tg × myostatin-null)

Citado enFollistatin-344

Carretero et al., J Invest Dermatol 2008 — LL-37 promotes wound healing / re-epithelialization

Citado enLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

Lande et al., Nature 2007 — LL-37 binds self-DNA, activates pDCs via TLR9 → type-I IFN; breaks tolerance in psoriasis

Citado enLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

Luger & Brzoska, review 2007 (α-MSH anti-inflammatory activity attributed to C-terminal KPV)

Citado enKPV

Prakash & Goa 1999 — Sermorelin: review of use in childhood GH deficiency

Citado enSermorelin

Falutz et al., N Engl J Med 2007 (pivotal Phase III, VAT/IGF-1)

Citado enTesamorelin

Dalmasso et al., Gastroenterology 2008 (PepT1 uptake, NF-κB/MAPK inhibition, DSS/TNBS colitis)

Citado enKPV

Kannengiesser et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008 (colitis; protective in MC1R-deficient mice)

Citado enKPV

Kvetnoi IM et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2007 — 'pancragene' effect on functional morphology of pancreas in experimental-diabetes rats

Citado enPancragen (KEDW)

Effect of Vilon on immune status and coagulation hemostasis in diabetes patients of different age, Adv Gerontol 2007 (Vilon-specific clinical/immune claim)

Citado enVilon (Lys-Glu)

Uchakina et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2008 (immunomodulation in anxiety-asthenic patients; IL-6 suppression, Th1/Th2 shift)

Citado enSelank

Khavinson VKh et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2007 — Pancragen effect on blood glucose, capillary permeability and adhesion in experimental-diabetes rats

Citado enPancragen (KEDW)

Pickart, J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2008 (GHK-Cu in tissue remodeling and wound healing — review)

Citado enGHK-Cu

Sarkisova et al., Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat 2008 — Selank effects on depression-like behavior (rats/mice); confirms sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro — PLAIN SELANK

Citado enN-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Surgery Today 2008

Citado enBPC-157

J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2008

Citado enBPC-157

Inozemtseva et al., Dokl Biol Sci 2008 (intranasal Selank regulates BDNF expression in rat hippocampus in vivo)

Citado enSelank

Bowne et al., Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15(12):3588–3600 (the membrane-residency leader converts death mode from apoptosis to necrosis in pancreatic cancer cells)

Citado enPNC-28

Kuznik BI, Pateyuk AV, Rusaeva NS, Bull Exp Biol Med 2008 — KEDG (with AEDG) in neonatally hypophysectomized chickens: increased TSH and thyroid hormones, partial thyroid structural recovery (animal; single-school)

Citado enTestagen (KEDG)

Aebi et al. 1991 (high-dose IV PK in man; plasma t½ 14.1 min, n=10)

Citado enGlutathione

Hauser et al. 2009 (IV PD pilot)

Citado enGlutathione

Hashimoto et al., Mol Biol Cell 2009 — humanin acts via a CNTFRα/WSX-1/gp130 receptor complex

Citado enHumanin

Meta-analysis of thymosin α1 + lamivudine vs lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B, 8 trials, n=583 (HBeAg seroconversion 45.1% vs 15.2%; virological response 84.7% vs 74.9%)

Citado enThymosin Alpha-1

Buse et al., Lancet 2009 (LEAD-6, vs exenatide)

Citado enLiraglutide

Cousen et al., Br J Dermatol 2009 (eruptive melanocytic naevi after melanotan injection)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Muzumdar et al., PLoS One 2009 — humanin as a central regulator of peripheral insulin action (rat)

Citado enHumanin

Dmitrieva et al., Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009 (Semax & PGP upregulate BDNF/NGF/NT-3 + Trk receptors after cerebral ischemia, MCAO rat)

Citado enSemax

Harms et al., Photochem Photobiol 2009 — α-MSH analog mitigates EPP photosensitivity (proof of concept)

Citado enMelanotan 1

Anisimov, Khavinson, Vopr Onkol 2009 — 35-year review of peptide bioregulators for cancer prevention (source-school summary)

Citado enVilon (Lys-Glu)

Semenova et al., Eksp Klin Farmakol 2009 (Selank vs tuftsin on brain serotonin metabolism, PCPA rats)

Citado enSelank

Falutz et al., J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010 (Phase III + extension, discontinuation)

Citado enTesamorelin

Vishnevskaia et al., Vopr Onkol 1991 — Thymalin in combined treatment of disseminated cervical cancer (Russian-language)

Citado enThymalin

Sookraj et al., Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010;66(2):325–31 (acts as the intact peptide to lyse cells via membrane pores)

Citado enPNC-27

Maio et al., J Clin Oncol 2010;28(10) — thymosin α1 + dacarbazine ± IFN in metastatic melanoma, RCT n=488 (median OS 9.4 vs 6.6 mo, HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.63–1.02, p=0.08 — missed significance)

Citado enThymosin Alpha-1

J. Orthop. Res. 2010

Citado enBPC-157

Mazella et al., PLoS Biology 2010 — spadin, a sortilin-derived TREK-1-targeting antidepressant concept (rodent)

Citado enPE-22-28

Roth et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 (dose-dependent ITT with very low-dose hCG)

Citado enHCG

Arjinpathana & Asawanonda 2012 (skin RCT)

Citado enGlutathione

Phase I synthetic Tβ4, IV PK/safety

Citado enTB-500

Li et al., FEBS Lett 2010 — adamantane neurotrophic peptides improve learning/memory & neurogenesis in mice (foundational; defines P021/Ac-DGGLAG-NH₂)

Citado enP21

Kuznik BI, Pateiuk AV et al., Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 2010 (Russian) — effects on immunity, hemostasis and thyroid morphology in hypophysectomized chickens (animal; single-school)

Citado enTestagen (KEDG)

Gafurov, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2010 — Cortexin add-on in post-stroke epilepsy (n=46)

Citado enCortexin

J. Appl. Physiol. 2011

Citado enBPC-157

Bowers et al. 1990 — GHRP-6 GH release and GHRH synergy in normal men (JCEM)

Citado enGHRP-6

Santoro, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990 (IV pulsatile GnRH / Lutrepulse efficacy & safety)

Citado enGonadorelin

Khavinson VKh et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2010 — biological activity of endogenous Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH₂ (KEDW-NH₂, the amide form)

Citado enPancragen (KEDW)

Ilić et al. 2011

Citado enBPC-157

Zarubina IV et al., Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia 2011 — Cortexin & Cortagen as correctors of brain metabolic disorders in chronic ischemia (rat)

Citado enCortagen (AEDP)

George et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011 (KP-10 ↑LH + pulse frequency in men)

Citado enKisspeptin-10

Jayasena et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011 (sexually dimorphic KP-10 response)

Citado enKisspeptin-10

Khavinson V et al., Rejuvenation Research 2011 — Pinealon restricted ROS accumulation and decreased cell death in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, PC12 cells (in vitro)

Citado enPinealon (EDR)

Review: utility of thymosin α1 as co-adjuvant in influenza vaccines / vaccine-hyporesponsive populations (immunogenicity endpoints; e.g. NCT01031966)

Citado enThymosin Alpha-1

Barnhart et al., Science Translational Medicine 2011 — adipotide in obese rhesus monkeys: ~10.6% weight loss, improved insulin resistance, reversible renal signal

Citado enAdipotide

Kuznik BI, Pateyuk AV et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2011 — hormonal activity and thyroid structure in hypophysectomized young chickens and old hens (animal; single-school)

Citado enTestagen (KEDG)

Heiss et al., Stroke 2012 — CASTA, Cerebrolysin in acute ischaemic stroke (n=1,070, null primary endpoint)

Citado enCerebrolysin

Korkushko OV et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2011 — prospects of Pancragen for correcting metabolic disorders in elderly people (human-oriented, prospects only)

Citado enPancragen (KEDW)

Arutjunyan A et al., Int J Clin Exp Med 2012 — Pinealon in pregnant rats with elevated homocysteine improved offspring learning and reduced cerebellar oxidative stress

Citado enPinealon (EDR)

Gillespie et al. 1990 (lit/lit mice)

Citado enIGF-1 DES

Cabrales et al. 2013 — human IV pharmacokinetics of GHRP-6 (Eur J Pharm Sci)

Citado enGHRP-6

Nelson et al., Clin Toxicol 2012 (systemic toxicity + rhabdomyolysis after 6 mg subcutaneous overdose)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Heij et al., Molecular Medicine 2012 — ARA-290 in sarcoidosis small-fibre neuropathy (pilot RCT, N=22)

Citado enARA-290 (Cibinetide)

Attie et al., Muscle & Nerve 2013 — single ascending-dose Phase 1 in 48 healthy postmenopausal women; +3.3% lean mass at 3 mg/kg; half-life ~10–15 days

Citado enACE-031

Wu, Li, Liu et al., Crit Care 2013 — ETASS: thymosin α1 in severe sepsis, multicenter single-blind RCT, n=361 (28-day mortality 26.0% vs 35.0%; log-rank p=0.049, marginal); NCT00711620

Citado enThymosin Alpha-1

Devlin et al., Clin Toxicol 2013 (priapism after Melanotan II overdose)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Fedoreyeva LI et al., Biochemistry (Moscow) 2013 — short peptides interact with FITC-labelled histones / oligonucleotide complexes (Vanyushin lab; partial-independent binding corroboration only)

Citado enPancragen (KEDW)

Griese et al. 2013 (inhaled CF RCT)

Citado enGlutathione

Pateyuk AV, Baranchugova LM, Rusaeva NS, Obydenko VI, Kuznik BI, Bull Exp Biol Med 2013 — effect on thymus morphology in hypophysectomized young and old birds (animal; single-school)

Citado enTestagen (KEDG)

Bosch et al., S Afr Med J 1990 (HCG & weight loss — double-blind placebo-controlled RCT)

Citado enHCG

Gastinel et al., PNAS 1985 — a zinc-dependent epitope on the thymulin molecule; apo-peptide inactive

Citado enThymulin (FTS)

Dahan et al., Molecular Medicine 2013 — ARA-290 RCT in sarcoidosis neuropathy; corneal nerve-fibre density

Citado enARA-290 (Cibinetide)

J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2013

Citado enBPC-157

Schulze et al., Eur J Dermatol 2014 (eruptive naevi + darkening of existing naevi after a single dose)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Hjuler & Lorentzen, Dermatology 2014 (melanoma associated with Melanotan-II use)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Curr Pharm Des 2014 — review: thymulin physiology and therapeutic potential

Citado enThymulin (FTS)

Bolognin et al., Neurobiol Aging 2014 — rescue of cognitive-aging by a neurogenic/neurotrophic compound (aged rats)

Citado enP21

Kraus et al., Nature 2014 (NNMT knockdown protects mice against diet-induced obesity — target validation, not this molecule)

Citado en5-Amino-1MQ

Tarnovskaya SI et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2014 — molecular-mechanics modelling of DNA–tetrapeptide interactions

Citado enPancragen (KEDW)

Richie et al. 2015 (6-mo RCT)

Citado enGlutathione

Jayasena et al., J Clin Invest 2014 (KP-54 IVF oocyte-maturation trigger)

Citado enKisspeptin-10

Lee et al., Aging Cell 2014 — IGF-I regulates the age-dependent decline of humanin (human observational)

Citado enHumanin

Kazim et al., Neurobiol Dis 2014 — disease-modifying effect of chronic oral P021 in 3xTg-AD mice

Citado enP21

Mendzheritskiĭ AM et al., Advances in Gerontology 2014 — Cortexin + Pinealon modulated serum cytokines and brain caspase-3 in aged rats under acute hypoxia (Russian)

Citado enPinealon (EDR)

Umnov, Bull Exp Biol Med 2014 — Cortexin stimulates signaling-molecule expression in rat cortical cultures (in vitro)

Citado enCortexin

Borsotto et al., Br J Pharmacol 2015 — targeting TREK-1/TASK-3 channels for depression (review)

Citado enPE-22-28

Mao et al. 2014 — review: hexarelin, CD36 and GH-independent cardioprotection (J Geriatr Cardiol)

Citado enHexarelin

Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A, Biomed Res Int 2014 — 'GHK and DNA: Resetting the Human Genome to Health'; Connectivity-Map microarray analysis reporting GHK altered ~31% of assayed genes (source of the '~4,000 genes' figure); originator-authored, in-vitro/database

Citado enGHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

PNAS 2014 (structural basis, Tβ4–actin)

Citado enTB-500

Mendell et al., Mol Ther 2015 — follistatin GENE THERAPY (AAV1.CMV.FS344) for Becker muscular dystrophy

Citado enFollistatin-344

Beck et al., Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 2014 (Phase II)

Citado enIpamorelin

Brines et al., Molecular Medicine 2015 — ARA-290 4 mg SC ×28 d in type 2 diabetes neuropathy/metabolic (NTR3858)

Citado enARA-290 (Cibinetide)

Ross et al. 1989 (IGFBPs do not inhibit DES)

Citado enIGF-1 DES

Molecules 2014

Citado enBPC-157

Zlokovic et al., Peptides 1989 — saturable blood-brain-barrier transport mechanism

Citado enDSIP

Biolcati et al., Br J Dermatol 2015 — long-term observational study of afamelanotide in 115 EPP patients

Citado enMelanotan 1

Lee et al., Cell Metab 2015 (discovery; 12S-rRNA-encoded MDP; folate→AICAR→AMPK; mouse insulin sensitization, anti-obesity; mouse IP doses)

Citado enMOTS-c

Goncharova ND et al., Advances in Gerontology 2014/2015 — Pancragen impact on endocrine pancreas and impaired glucose tolerance in old rhesus monkeys (primate model)

Citado enPancragen (KEDW)

Leng & Ludwig, Biol Psychiatry 2016 (intranasal oxytocin: myths and delusions)

Citado enOxytocin

Jayasena et al., Hum Reprod 2015 (KP-10 vs KP-54 vs GnRH head-to-head)

Citado enKisspeptin-10

Pi-Sunyer et al., NEJM 2015 (SCALE, obesity)

Citado enLiraglutide

Langendonk et al., N Engl J Med 2015 — afamelanotide for erythropoietic protoporphyria (pivotal RCTs)

Citado enMelanotan 1

Walum et al., Biol Psychiatry 2016 (statistical/methodological critique of intranasal OT)

Citado enOxytocin

Medvedev et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2015 — Selank add-on to phenazepam for anxiety disorders (human, n=70) — PLAIN SELANK

Citado enN-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Gomazkov, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2015 — Cortexin composition & proposed mechanisms (review)

Citado enCortexin

Sun et al., Chin Med J 2015 (GnRH stimulation test in delayed puberty)

Citado enGonadorelin

Low, Thurman, Goldstein et al., PNAS 1977;74(2):725–729 (isolation + sequence of thymosin α1, an immunologically active thymic polypeptide)

Citado enThymosin Alpha-1

Schoenenberger & Monnier, PNAS 1977 — original isolation/characterization of the delta-EEG-inducing nonapeptide (rabbit)

Citado enDSIP

Muresanu et al., Stroke 2016 — CARS, Cerebrolysin and Recovery After Stroke (n=205)

Citado enCerebrolysin

Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacol 1989 — 'Thymulin, a zinc-dependent hormone'

Citado enThymulin (FTS)

Nave et al., Perspect Psychol Sci 2015 (does oxytocin increase trust? critical review)

Citado enOxytocin

Ann Clin Lab Sci 2015;45(6):650–8 (PNC-27 cytotoxicity in patient-derived ovarian cancer cells, ex vivo)

Citado enPNC-27

Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2016

Citado enBPC-157

Lin'kova NS et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2016 — peptide regulation of skin fibroblast function during in-vitro aging (KED among peptides studied)

Citado enVesugen (KED)

Marso et al., NEJM 2016 (LEADER, CV outcomes)

Citado enLiraglutide

Viennois et al., Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016 (PepT1 genetic proof; no effect in PepT1-KO)

Citado enKPV

Campbell et al., Muscle & Nerve 2017 — ACE-031 in ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (n=24); halted for epistaxis and telangiectasias

Citado enACE-031

Marso et al., NEJM 2016 (SUSTAIN-6, CV outcomes)

Citado enSemaglutide

Trammell, Brenner et al., Nat Commun 2016 (first-in-human NR pharmacokinetics; oral NR dose-dependently raised the blood NAD+ metabolome; PK/biomarker only)

Citado enNAD+

PEGylation pharmacology review (extended half-life rationale)

Citado enPEG-MGF

J. Mol. Med. 2017

Citado enBPC-157

Shaw et al. 2017

Citado enBPC-157

Khavinson VK et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2016 — 'Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression' (single-school mechanism review)

Citado enPancragen (KEDW)

Comninos et al., J Clin Invest 2017 (kisspeptin modulates sexual brain processing)

Citado enKisspeptin-10

Xiao et al., Mol Ther 2017 (oral hyaluronic-acid-functionalized KPV nanoparticles, DSS colitis)

Citado enKPV

Mendell et al., Mol Ther 2017 — follistatin gene therapy for sporadic inclusion body myositis

Citado enFollistatin-344

Kasian et al., Behav Neurol 2017 (Selank enhances diazepam's anxiolysis under chronic mild stress, rat EPM)

Citado enSelank

Baar et al., Cell 2017 — targeted apoptosis of senescent cells restores tissue homeostasis (foundational mouse/cell study)

Citado enFOXO4-DRI

Mischley et al. 2017 (intranasal PD RCT)

Citado enGlutathione

Culver et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017 — Phase 2b dose-finding (NCT02039687); 4 mg effective, non-monotonic

Citado enARA-290 (Cibinetide)

Kozlov KL et al., Advances in Gerontology 2016 — the core 'vascular' paper: KED normalised endothelin-1, restored endothelial connexin coupling, increased SIRT1 (in vitro; Russian)

Citado enVesugen (KED)

Neelakantan et al., J Med Chem 2017 (SAR of NNMT inhibitors; 5-amino-1MQ IC50 ≈ 1.2 µM)

Citado en5-Amino-1MQ

Baazaoui & Iqbal, Alzheimers Res Ther 2017 — prevention of dendritic/synaptic deficits with a neurotrophic compound (3xTg-AD mice)

Citado enP21

Ross et al. 1987 — GHRH treatment of GH deficiency (Lancet)

Citado enSermorelin

Adler et al., Australas J Dermatol 2017 (unregulated Melanotan II as a public-health concern)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Djillani et al., Front Pharmacol 2017 — shortened spadin analogs (PE 22-28): better TREK-1 inhibition, stability & antidepressant activity (mouse)

Citado enPE-22-28

Chervyakova, Linkova, Chalisova, Khavinson et al., Adv Gerontol 2014 — molecular aspects of immunoprotective peptide activity in aging spleen (the only record naming Crystagen; Russian, English abstract)

Citado enCrystagen

S14G-humanin (HNG) analog reference — neuroprotection, Exp Ther Med 2017

Citado enHumanin

Neelakantan et al., Biochem Pharmacol 2017 (5-amino-1MQ reverses high-fat-diet obesity in mice; adipocyte NAD+/lipogenesis)

Citado en5-Amino-1MQ

Glycoalkylated KPV analogs 2018 (modified KPV shows improved proteolytic stability vs native)

Citado enKPV

Kim et al., Cell Metab 2018 (MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus to regulate nuclear gene expression under metabolic stress; NRF2/ARE; AMPK-dependent — in vitro)

Citado enMOTS-c

Djillani et al., Pharmacol Ther 2019 — fighting depression with TREK-1 blockers, focus on spadin (review)

Citado enPE-22-28

Neelakantan et al., Biochem Pharmacol 2019 (NNMT inhibitor activates senescent muscle stem cells in aged skeletal muscle)

Citado en5-Amino-1MQ

Caputi S et al., Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019 — KED (and related peptides) increased GAP43 and Nestin in neuronal differentiation of human periodontal-ligament stem cells (Italian–St. Petersburg collaboration)

Citado enVesugen (KED)

Salati et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 (prophylactic oxytocin, third stage)

Citado enOxytocin

Husain et al., NEJM 2019 (PIONEER 6, oral, CV outcomes)

Citado enSemaglutide

Althof et al., J Sex Med 2019 (Phase 2b responder analyses)

Citado enPT-141

Conze, Brenner, Kruger et al., Sci Rep 2019 (NR RCT, n=140; whole-blood NAD+ +22%/+51%/+142% at 100/300/1000 mg; ChromaDex-funded — COI)

Citado enNAD+

Grant et al., Front Aging Neurosci 2019 (only published human IV NAD+ pharmacokinetic pilot; n=11; 750 mg over 6 h; delayed plasma rise + heavy degradation to nicotinamide/ADP-ribose)

Citado enNAD+

Kingsberg et al., Obstet Gynecol 2019 (RECONNECT, two Phase 3 trials)

Citado enPT-141

Simon et al., Obstet Gynecol 2019 (long-term safety/efficacy)

Citado enPT-141

Kolik et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2019 — Selank protects against ethanol-induced memory impairment via BDNF (rats) — PLAIN SELANK

Citado enN-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Maquart FX et al., FEBS Lett 1988 — original in-vitro study: the tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu stimulated collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures at very low concentrations (primary research; COPPER COMPLEX, not free GHK)

Citado enGHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

Cui et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 — Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia (6 RCTs, 597 pts)

Citado enCerebrolysin

Zhang et al., Aging (Albany NY) 2020 — FOXO4-DRI targets senescent Leydig cells and raises testosterone in aged mice

Citado enFOXO4-DRI

Ikonomidis et al., J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020 (MOTS-c measured as a human biomarker in type-2 diabetes with coronary artery disease; observational)

Citado enMOTS-c

Butler et al., J Card Fail 2020 — PROGRESS-HF, elamipretide in heart failure / HFrEF (n=71, failed LVESV)

Citado enSS-31 (Elamipretide)

Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2020

Citado enBPC-157

Declerck et al., Nat Hum Behav 2020 (registered replication on oxytocin and trust — null)

Citado enOxytocin

Prasad et al., J Clin Invest 1988 — serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency (biomarker use)

Citado enThymulin (FTS)

Review — mitochondrial-derived peptides in aging and age-related diseases, GeroScience 2021

Citado enHumanin

Sci. Rep. 2020

Citado enBPC-157

Reid Thompson et al., Genet Med 2021 — TAZPOWER phase 2/3, elamipretide in Barth syndrome (n=12, randomized arm negative)

Citado enSS-31 (Elamipretide)

Multicenter retrospective COVID-19 study, 19 hospitals, n=771 (unadjusted mortality 41.3% vs 60.6%, but after propensity matching 51.0% vs 52.9%, NOT significant — no association with reduced mortality)

Citado enThymosin Alpha-1

Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2020 — Thymalin activates differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells

Citado enThymalin

Khavinson V et al., Molecules 2020 — review/hypothesis: EDR regulation of gene expression relevant to Alzheimer's pathogenesis (no new primary data)

Citado enPinealon (EDR)

Reynolds et al., Nat Commun 2021 (mouse exercise capacity across ages + healthspan; mouse age-related decline of MOTS-c in muscle/circulation; in humans, exercise induces endogenous MOTS-c in muscle and blood; CohBar COI disclosed)

Citado enMOTS-c

Wilding et al., NEJM 2021 (STEP-1, obesity)

Citado enSemaglutide

Khavinson-school report, Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021 — hematopoietic stem-cell differentiation activator in COVID-19 complex therapy (thymic-peptide concept, not Vladonix)

Citado enVladonix

Akar et al., J Obstet Gynaecol 2021 (5-amino-1MQ anti-proliferative in HeLa, sparing HEK-293)

Citado en5-Amino-1MQ

Enebo et al., Lancet 2021 (phase 1b cagrilintide + semaglutide)

Citado enCagrilintide

Kyhl et al., Clin Transl Sci 2021 (first-in-human PK/PD of recombinant hCG)

Citado enHCG

Huang et al., Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021 — FOXO4-DRI removes senescent cells from in-vitro expanded human chondrocytes

Citado enFOXO4-DRI

Wei et al., J Alzheimers Dis 2021 — early-postnatal neurotrophic treatment prevents Alzheimer-like behavior (notes brain P021 levels never directly assayed)

Citado enP21

Khavinson V et al., Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021 — EDR reduced dendritic-spine loss / neuroprotective effects in a mouse Alzheimer's-model cell system

Citado enPinealon (EDR)

Frías et al., NEJM 2021 (SURPASS-2, vs semaglutide)

Citado enTirzepatide

Khavinson VK et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2021 — review; states oral KED improved memory/attention in elderly and restores synaptic plasticity in an in-vitro AD model

Citado enVesugen (KED)

Kruse et al., J Med Chem 2021 (development of cagrilintide)

Citado enCagrilintide

J Cell Mol Med 2021 (Phase I rhTβ4, IV PK/safety)

Citado enTB-500

Lau et al., Lancet 2021 (phase 2 cagrilintide monotherapy)

Citado enCagrilintide

Biomedicines 2021

Citado enBPC-157

Front. Endocrinol. 2021 (Tβ4 function & application review)

Citado enTB-500

Dimet/Neelakantan et al., Sci Rep 2022 (NNMT inhibition + reduced-calorie diet; adiposity & microbiome in DIO mice)

Citado en5-Amino-1MQ

Putilina, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2022 — Cortexin 10/20 mg IM ×10d in post-COVID neurological symptoms (observational)

Citado enCortexin

Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VK, Esposito JE et al., Int J Mol Sci 2022 — five Khavinson peptides (incl. Chonluten) reduced LPS-stimulated TNF and IL-6 in the human THP-1 monocyte/macrophage line (in vitro; Italy–Russia collaboration WITH Khavinson, not independent replication; respiratory thesis not tested)

Citado enChonluten (EDG)

Review — mitochondria-derived peptides in aging and healthspan, J Clin Invest 2022

Citado enHumanin

Sarafraz-Yazdi et al., Biomedicines 2022;10(5):945 (membrane-pore/lysis model; primary research from the originating lab, not an independent review)

Citado enPNC-27

Jastreboff et al., NEJM 2022 (SURMOUNT-1, obesity)

Citado enTirzepatide

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022

Citado enBPC-157

2022 (Tβ4 vs cardiac fibrosis, mouse MI)

Citado enTB-500

Monti et al., Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1987 — double-blind crossover; sleep effect 'of little clinical significance'

Citado enDSIP

Coskun et al., Cell Metab 2022 (discovery, triple-agonist pharmacology, PK)

Citado enGLP3-RT

Thurston et al., JAMA Netw Open 2022 (kisspeptin in HSDD women)

Citado enKisspeptin-10

Konstantinopolsky et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2022 — Selank attenuates morphine-withdrawal signs (rats) — PLAIN SELANK

Citado enN-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Urva et al., Lancet 2022 (LY3437943 Phase 1b, type 2 diabetes)

Citado enGLP3-RT

Zimmermann et al., Mol Metab 2022 (discovery/pharmacology)

Citado enSurvodutide

Quaas et al., J Assist Reprod Genet 2022 (pulsatile GnRH in FHA, 25-year cohort)

Citado enGonadorelin

NMN dose-finding RCT, GeroScience 2023 (NCT04823260; 300/600/900 mg; raised blood NAD+; six-minute walk improved; HOMA-IR unchanged; manufacturer-funded — COI)

Citado enNAD+

Front. Pharmacol. 2022

Citado enBPC-157

RGN-259 Phase III neurotrophic keratopathy

Citado enTB-500

J Biol Chem 1986 — NMR structure; nonapeptide, zinc-dependent immunoregulation

Citado enThymulin (FTS)

Karaa et al., Neurology 2023 — MMPOWER-3, elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy (n=218, failed co-primaries)

Citado enSS-31 (Elamipretide)

Frias et al., Lancet 2023 (CagriSema phase 2, type 2 diabetes)

Citado enCagrilintide

Jastreboff et al., N Engl J Med 2023 (Phase 2 obesity trial)

Citado enGLP3-RT

Rosenstock et al., Lancet 2023 (Phase 2 type 2 diabetes trial)

Citado enGLP3-RT

Damgaard & Treebak, Sci Adv 2023 (independent critical review: oral NR has shown 'few clinically relevant effects'; no indication oral NR raises muscle NAD+ in humans; warns of exaggeration in the field)

Citado enNAD+

Ziganshina et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 — Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke (7 RCTs, 1,773 pts)

Citado enCerebrolysin

Lincoff et al., NEJM 2023 (SELECT, CV outcomes)

Citado enSemaglutide

Orr et al., GeroScience 2024 (NR in mild cognitive impairment; n=20; 2.6-fold blood NAD+ rise but NO cognitive benefit — functional null)

Citado enNAD+

Blüher/le Roux et al., Diabetologia 2024 (phase 2 type 2 diabetes)

Citado enSurvodutide

le Roux et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024 (phase 2 obesity)

Citado enSurvodutide

Reid Thompson et al., Genet Med 2024 — TAZPOWER 168-week open-label extension, Barth (uncontrolled, positive)

Citado enSS-31 (Elamipretide)

Seidl & Aigner, J Med Life 2024 — composition/biological activity of Cerebrolysin (manufacturer-favorable)

Citado enCerebrolysin

Krzesaj et al., Ann Clin Lab Sci 2024;54(2):137–148 (membrane-HDM-2 + proposed mitochondrial disruption; same lab + Nomocan affiliation)

Citado enPNC-27

Sanyal et al., NEJM 2024 (phase 2 MASH)

Citado enSurvodutide

Sanyal et al., Nat Med 2024 (Phase 2a MASLD trial; half-life ~6 days)

Citado enGLP3-RT

Malhotra et al., NEJM 2024 (SURMOUNT-OSA, sleep apnea)

Citado enTirzepatide

Dimet-Wiley et al., Sci Rep 2024 (5A-1MQ mimics/boosts exercise; ~40% grip-strength gain in 22-month mice, 10 mg/kg SC × 8 wk)

Citado en5-Amino-1MQ

Thorough QT study, cagrilintide up to 4.5 mg (2024)

Citado enCagrilintide

ReCLAIM-2, Ophthalmol Sci 2025 — elamipretide in dry AMD / geographic atrophy (n=176, failed co-primaries)

Citado enSS-31 (Elamipretide)

IGF-1 signaling landscape (review)

Citado enIGF-1 LR3

TESTS: thymosin α1 for sepsis, multicentre double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 3 RCT, 22 centers, n=1,089 (28-day mortality 23.4% vs 24.1%; HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.77–1.27, p=0.93 — NO benefit)

Citado enThymosin Alpha-1

Elamipretide review — structure / mechanism of action (cardiolipin binding)

Citado enSS-31 (Elamipretide)

Pharmaceuticals 2025 (review)

Citado enBPC-157

Araj, Brzezik, Mądra-Gackowska, Szeleszczuk, Int J Mol Sci 2025 (independent narrative review: calls Epitalon 'promising' / rationale plausible, while flagging the gaps — decades-old evidence base, limited structural data, no independent replication, no regulatory-grade toxicology)

Citado enEpitalon

Yassin Alsabbagh et al., Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2025 (oral mucosal melanoma associated with Melanotan II nasal spray)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Brain amylin receptors 1 and 3 mediate cagrilintide weight loss (2025)

Citado enCagrilintide

Inflammopharmacology 2025

Citado enBPC-157

Dobriţescu A, Samide A, Cioateră N et al., Molecules 2025 — KEDG ('Testagen peptide') as a COPPER-CORROSION inhibitor in saline. MATERIALS-SCIENCE study, NOT biomedical: it confirms the sequence but says nothing about hormones, thyroid, testes or health. Listed only to flag misrepresentation

Citado enTestagen (KEDG)

SYNCHRONIZE-1 phase 3 obesity (baseline-design paper)

Citado enSurvodutide

Reyna et al., Front Aging 2026 (retrospective real-world tolerability of IV NAD+ vs IV NR; rate-dependent GI/chest-pressure reactions; tolerability only, not an efficacy trial)

Citado enNAD+

Shchulkin, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2026 — Cortexin vs comparators on BDNF/TNF-α/apoptosis in rat MCAO (preclinical)

Citado enCortexin

Schoenenberger et al., Pflugers Arch 1978 — amino-acid analysis, sequence, synthesis of the nonapeptide

Citado enDSIP

Schneider-Helmert et al., Lancet 1981 — 'synthetic DSIP improves sleep in insomniacs' (no abstract on record)

Citado enDSIP

Glutathione metabolism (review)

Citado enGlutathione

Ng & Bornstein, Am J Physiol 1978 (hGH C-terminal fragments raise blood glucose/insulin and reduce insulin sensitivity in rats — diabetogenic)

Citado enHGH Fragment 176-191

Dick et al., Eur Neurol 1984 — DSIP in alcohol/opiate withdrawal syndromes

Citado enDSIP

Larbig et al., Eur Neurol 1984 — chronic-pain clinical pilot study

Citado enDSIP

AAP 1983 (benzyl alcohol in neonatal units)

Citado enBAC Water

Gershanik et al. 1982 (NEJM, gasping syndrome)

Citado enBAC Water

Yamamoto & Murphy 1995 (endogenous formation)

Citado enIGF-1 DES

Bastian et al. 1993 (clearance)

Citado enIGF-1 LR3

Popovic et al. 1995 — GHRP-6 GH secretion abolished in hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection (JCEM 80(3))

Citado enGHRP-6

IGF/insulin in tumour-bearing rats

Citado enIGF-1 LR3

Ghigo et al. 1994 — hexarelin GH release and multi-route bioavailability in humans (J Clin Endocrinol Metab)

Citado enHexarelin

Maquart et al., J Clin Invest 1993 (in-vivo: locally injected GHK-Cu stimulates connective-tissue/collagen accumulation in rat wound chambers)

Citado enGHK-Cu

Bach & Dardenne, C R Acad Sci 1976 — original isolation and Edman sequencing of serum thymic factor (thymulin) from pig serum

Citado enThymulin (FTS)

Tauber et al. 1993 — continuous SC GHRH(1-29) in partial GHD

Citado enSermorelin

Protective effect of FPF-1070 (Cerebrolysin) on delayed neuronal death in the gerbil (animal mechanism study)

Citado enCerebrolysin

Wu & Ng, Biochem Mol Biol Int 1993 (synthetic hGH 177-191: anti-lipogenic like intact GH; NO significant lipolytic effect)

Citado enHGH Fragment 176-191

Potaman et al., Peptides 1993 — degradation of ACTH(4-10)/Semax by rat serum enzymes (aminopeptidase-dominant; mechanistic basis for N-acetyl stabilization)

Citado enN-Acetyl Semax Amidate

PNAS 1993 (Tβ4 actin ATP/ADP affinity)

Citado enTB-500

Lijesen et al., Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995 (Simeons HCG therapy — criteria-based meta-analysis)

Citado enHCG

Dorr et al., Life Sci 1996 (Phase-I human safety/tolerability; subcutaneous dosing; pigmentary response)

Citado enMelanotan 2

des(1-3)IGF-1 potency review

Citado enIGF-1 DES

Vittone et al. 1997 — single nightly GHRH(1-29) in healthy elderly men

Citado enSermorelin

Khorram, Laughlin & Yen 1997 — long-term [Nle27]GHRH(1-29) in age-advanced adults

Citado enSermorelin

McPherron & Lee, PNAS 1997 — double muscling in cattle from myostatin (GDF8) mutations

Citado enFollistatin-344

Sikirić et al. 1997

Citado enBPC-157

Tomas et al. 1997 (hypoglycemia potency)

Citado enIGF-1 DES

Pihoker et al. 1998 — Phase I pharmacokinetics of GHRP-2 in children, ~33 min elimination half-life (JCEM)

Citado enGHRP-2

Local IGF-1 muscle hypertrophy (rat)

Citado enIGF-1 LR3

Rucker et al. 1998

Citado enBPC-157

Wessells et al., J Urol 1998 (Melanotan II in psychogenic erectile dysfunction; double-blind crossover)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Hadley & Dorr, Pharm Biotechnol 1998 (discovery & development of Melanotan-I and -II at U. Arizona)

Citado enMelanotan 2

Raun et al., Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1998

Citado enIpamorelin

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, α-linkage, oglufanide/IM-862 synonyms)

Citado enThymogen (Oglufanide)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, sequence; 'Pinealon' and 'Glu-Asp-Arg' on the same record)

Citado enPinealon (EDR)

PubChem record — CID, CAS, formula, MW, sequence

Citado enSS-31 (Elamipretide)

PubChem CID 124886

Citado enGlutathione

PubChem CID 125672 (KPV / Lys-Pro-Val, α-MSH 11-13)

Citado enKPV

PubChem CID 146675088 (MOTS-c; C101H152N28O22S2, MW 2174.6, 16-aa sequence MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR; CAS 1627580-64-6; FDA UNII A5CV6JFB78)

Citado enMOTS-c

PubChem CID 156588324 (Tirzepatide, free peptide)

Citado enTirzepatide

PubChem CID 16130571 (Thymalfasin / Thymosin α1; C129H215N33O55, MW 3108.3 avg, monoisotopic 3106.50; 28-aa N-acetylated sequence Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN; CAS 62304-98-7 / 69521-94-4; FDA UNII W0B22ISQ1C)

Citado enThymosin Alpha-1

PubChem CID 16131230 (Somatotropin 176-191; C78H123N23O22S2, ~1799.1 g/mol; CAS 66004-57-7)

Citado enHGH Fragment 176-191

PubChem record — formula, MW, sequence

Citado enHumanin

PubChem CID 16132341 (Thymosin β4)

Citado enTB-500

PubChem — Sermorelin (CID 16132413)

Citado enSermorelin

PubChem CID 16134956 (Liraglutide)

Citado enLiraglutide

PubChem CID 16137828 (Tesamorelin)

Citado enTesamorelin

PubChem CID 16197727 (Afamelanotide / Melanotan 1)

Citado enMelanotan 1

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW)

Citado enLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

PubChem CID 163360068 — adipotide: C₁₁₁H₂₀₆N₃₆O₂₈S₂, MW 2557.2, InChIKey GZESIPHLGJDZRG-VCWDIOOSSA-N

Citado enAdipotide

PubChem CID 165437303 (PE 22-28)

Citado enPE-22-28

PubChem record — formula, MW, CID

Citado enFOXO4-DRI

PubChem CID 168429725 (Survodutide)

Citado enSurvodutide

PubChem CID 168431292 (AHK-Cu monohydrochloride; copper(II) Ala-His-Lys complex, INCI Copper Tripeptide-3, CAS 682809-81-0)

Citado enAHK

PubChem CID 171390338 (Retatrutide / LY3437943, free acid)

Citado enGLP3-RT

PubChem CID 171397054 (Cagrilintide)

Citado enCagrilintide

PubChem Compound — N-acetyl semax amidate, CID 172638603 (C39H54N10O10S; authoritative for identity)

Citado enN-Acetyl Semax Amidate

PubChem structure record — connectivity structure (undefined stereo); name 'Cortagen' does not resolve by name. Formula/MW are structure-record values

Citado enCortagen (AEDP)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, InChIKey) for the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Gly. Note: 'Chonluten' is NOT a PubChem synonym; the database name is 'glutamyl-aspartyl-glycine' / 'T-34 tripeptide'

Citado enChonluten (EDG)

PubChem CID 219042 (Epitalon / AEDG; C14H22N4O9, MW 390.35; sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly; CAS 307297-39-8 / 64082-79-7; FDA UNII O65P17785G)

Citado enEpitalon

PubChem CID 244 (benzyl alcohol)

Citado enBAC Water

PubChem CID 25240297 (Kisspeptin-10)

Citado enKisspeptin-10

PubChem — GHRP-6 (CID 4345065)

Citado enGHRP-6

PubChem CID 439153 (NADH, reduced form; C21H29N7O14P2, MW 665.4)

Citado enNAD+

PubChem CID 439302 (Oxytocin)

Citado enOxytocin

PubChem CID 56843331 (Semaglutide, free acid)

Citado enSemaglutide

PubChem CID 5892 (NAD+ / nadide; C21H27N7O14P2, MW 663.4; CAS 53-84-9; FDA UNII 0U46U6E8UK)

Citado enNAD+

PubChem CID 62707662 (Ac-LKKTETQ fragment)

Citado enTB-500

PubChem CID 638793 (Gonadorelin)

Citado enGonadorelin

PubChem CID 65359 (GSSG)

Citado enGlutathione

PubChem CID 66522933 (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium iodide salt)

Citado en5-Amino-1MQ

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, sequence; free-acid KEDW). 'Pancragen'/'KEDW' are not PubChem synonyms — mapping is primary-sourced in the Khavinson literature

Citado enPancragen (KEDW)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, sequence)

Citado enDSIP

PubChem — Pralmorelin / GHRP-2 free base (CID 6918245)

Citado enGHRP-2

PubChem — Hexarelin free base (CID 6918297)

Citado enHexarelin

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, sequence; 'Vilon' and 'Lys-Glu' co-resolve)

Citado enVilon (Lys-Glu)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS)

Citado enThymulin (FTS)

PubChem CID 71300630 (AOD-9604; C78H123N23O23S2, ~1815.1 g/mol; CAS 221231-10-3)

Citado enAOD-9604

PubChem CID 71587328 (Prezatide copper / GHK-Cu complex; C14H23CuN6O4+, MW 402.92; Cu(II) chelate)

Citado enGHK-Cu

PubChem CID 7408502 (Ala-His-Lys / free AHK; C15H26N6O4, MW 354.41, CAS 126828-32-8)

Citado enAHK

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, sequence). Note: the bare 'KED' name search returns an unrelated molecule (CID 130427306); the correct peptide CID is 87571363

Citado enVesugen (KED)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, sequence). Reachable only via 'H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala-OH'; 'Livagen'/'KEDA' are not PubChem synonyms

Citado enLivagen (KEDA)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, sequence)

Citado enARA-290 (Cibinetide)

PubChem CID 91971820 (CJC-1295 with DAC)

Citado enCJC-1295

PubChem CID 91976842 (CJC-1295 without DAC / Mod-GRF 1-29)

Citado enCJC-1295

PubChem CID 92432 (Melanotan II; formula, mass, sequence, CAS 121062-08-6)

Citado enMelanotan 2

PubChem CID 950107 (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium cation)

Citado en5-Amino-1MQ

PubChem CID 962 (water)

Citado enBAC Water

PubChem CID 9811102 (Semax / ACTH(4-7) Pro-Gly-Pro)

Citado enSemax

PubChem CID 9831659 (Ipamorelin)

Citado enIpamorelin

PubChem CID 9941379 (Bremelanotide)

Citado enPT-141

PubChem CID 9941957

Citado enBPC-157

UniProt P01215 — Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain (CGA), shared α-subunit (92 aa)

Citado enHCG

UniProt P01241 — Somatotropin (human growth hormone); mature sequence and disulfides (verifies residues 176-191 = FLRIVQCRSVEGSCGF, Cys182–189 loop)

Citado enHGH Fragment 176-191

UniProt P0DN87 — Choriogonadotropin subunit beta (CGB), 145 aa mature (legacy P01233 demerged)

Citado enHCG

UniProt P19883 (FST_HUMAN) — follistatin protein: 344 aa, 38,007 Da, signal 1–29, isoforms, activin/myostatin/GDF-11/BMP binding

Citado enFollistatin-344

UniProt P49913 — cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (gene CAMP); LL-37 sequence

Citado enLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

UniProt P62328 (human Thymosin β4 / TMSB4X)

Citado enTB-500

UniProt Q13705 (ACVR2B_HUMAN) — activin receptor type-2B, the receptor whose extracellular domain forms ACE-031's trap

Citado enACE-031

DailyMed — Ozempic (semaglutide) label

Citado enSemaglutide

DailyMed — Wegovy (semaglutide) label

Citado enSemaglutide

DailyMed — Mounjaro (tirzepatide) label

Citado enTirzepatide

DailyMed — Victoza (liraglutide) label

Citado enLiraglutide

DailyMed — Saxenda (liraglutide) label

Citado enLiraglutide

Vyleesi (bremelanotide) FDA Prescribing Information

Citado enPT-141

OVIDREL (choriogonadotropin alfa) FDA Prescribing Information

Citado enHCG

Pitocin (oxytocin injection, USP) FDA Prescribing Information

Citado enOxytocin

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP — Hospira/Pfizer (FDA label)

Citado enBAC Water

Sterile Water for Injection, USP (FDA label)

Citado enBAC Water

Bacteriostatic 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP (FDA label)

Citado enBAC Water

FDA PCAC briefing — Ipamorelin (2024)

Citado enIpamorelin

FDA — bulk drug substances under section 503A (Category 2 history)

Citado enCJC-1295

FDA label / DailyMed — Egrifta SV (tesamorelin) prescribing information

Citado enTesamorelin

FDA label — Egrifta WR (tesamorelin) 2025 prescribing information

Citado enTesamorelin

FDA — Interim policy on 503A bulk drug substances (AOD-9604 placed in Category 2, significant safety concerns, 2023; removed 2024 on nominator withdrawal)

Citado enAOD-9604

Philippine FDA Advisory No. 2019-182

Citado enGlutathione

FDA Rybelsus (oral semaglutide) label

Citado enSemaglutide

FDA/FTC action removing OTC homeopathic HCG weight-loss products (2011)

Citado enHCG

FDA — accelerated approval of first treatment for Barth syndrome (Forzinity, Sept 2025)

Citado enSS-31 (Elamipretide)

FDA Scenesse (afamelanotide) prescribing information — MC1R agonist, 16 mg SC implant, EPP indication (approved 2019)

Citado enMelanotan 1