The study database

WADA Prohibited List (prohibited at all times)

Cited onTB-500,Ipamorelin,CJC-1295,Tesamorelin,Sermorelin,GHRP-6,GHRP-2,Hexarelin,AOD-9604,HGH Fragment 176-191,IGF-1 LR3,IGF-1 DES,MGF,PEG-MGF,Semaglutide,Tirzepatide,Cagrilintide,Survodutide,Liraglutide,PT-141,Kisspeptin-10,Gonadorelin,HCG,Oxytocin,Cerebrolysin,P21,N-Acetyl Semax Amidate,N-Acetyl Selank Amidate,SS-31 (Elamipretide),Humanin,FOXO4-DRI,DSIP,Follistatin-344,ARA-290 (Cibinetide),LL-37 (Cathelicidin),Thymulin (FTS),ACE-031,Melanotan 1

hsCRP review

Cited onBPC-157,TB-500

Ascorbate & collagen (review)

Cited onBPC-157,TB-500

Vitamin D & muscle (review)

Cited onBPC-157,TB-500

Zinc in wound healing (review)

Cited onBPC-157,TB-500

Gusev, Skvortsova, Miasoedov et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 1997 (Semax in acute ischemic stroke; 12/18 mg/day intranasal)

Cited onSemax,N-Acetyl Semax Amidate

Heffernan et al., Endocrinology 2001 (hGH & AOD9604 in obese mice + β3-AR knockouts; lipolysis NOT directly β3-mediated)

Cited onAOD-9604,HGH Fragment 176-191

Khavinson, Morozov, Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2003 (pineal/thymus peptides 'prolong human life'; n=266 elderly, 6–8 yr; PubMed-indexed as RCT but no blinding/design detail reported; studied epithalamin extract; from the commercializing group)

Cited onEpitalon,Thymalin

Khavinson, Shataeva, Chernova, Bull Exp Biol Med 2003 (hypothesis: regulatory peptides bind promoter sequences to initiate transcription — in silico/in vitro, speculative)

Cited onEpitalon,Vilon (Lys-Glu)

Khavinson, Bondarev, Butyugov, Smirnova, Bull Exp Biol Med 2004 (peptide promotes overcoming the division limit in human somatic cells — same in-vitro fibroblast system)

Cited onEpitalon,Vilon (Lys-Glu)

Dolotov et al., Brain Res 2006 (Semax raises BDNF protein/mRNA and TrkB phosphorylation, rat hippocampus)

Cited onSemax,N-Acetyl Semax Amidate

Zozulya et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2008 (principal human GAD/neurasthenia trial; Selank vs medazepam, n=62)

Cited onSelank,N-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Sarafraz-Yazdi et al., PNAS 2010;107(5):1918–23 (PNC-27 binds membrane HDM-2; selective cancer-cell necrosis, in vitro)

Cited onPNC-27,PNC-28

Matheny et al. 2010 (MGF / IGF-1 E-domain review)

Cited onMGF,PEG-MGF

Fornaro et al. 2014 (no unique activity for synthetic E-peptide)

Cited onMGF,PEG-MGF

Pickart, Vasquez-Soltero & Margolina, Biomed Res Int 2015 (regenerative & protective actions of GHK in skin — review; cites plasma age-decline figure)

Cited onGHK-Cu,GHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

Volkova et al., Front Pharmacol 2016 (Selank affects expression of genes in GABAergic neurotransmission, rat)

Cited onSelank,N-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Pickart, Vasquez-Soltero & Margolina, Brain Sci 2017 (GHK gene-expression / nervous-system effects — review)

Cited onGHK-Cu,GHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

Pickart & Margolina, Int J Mol Sci 2018 (GHK gene-expression & regenerative review; ~4,000-gene transcriptomic claim)

Cited onGHK-Cu,GHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

Ashapkin, Khavinson, Shilovsky, Mol Biol Rep 2020 — gene expression in human MSC aging cultures modulated by short peptides

Cited onVilon (Lys-Glu),Vesugen (KED)

Linkova et al., Int J Mol Sci 2023 — KE & EW dipeptides 'in the composition of the Thymalin drug' and gene expression

Cited onThymalin,Vladonix

Arvat et al. 1997 — GHRP-2 & hexarelin GH potency and ACTH/cortisol/prolactin co-release in humans (Peptides)

Cited onGHRP-2,Hexarelin

PubChem CID 11765600 (Selank / TP-7, tuftsin analog)

Cited onSelank,N-Acetyl Selank Amidate

PubChem CID 175675731 (MGF 24-AA peptide)

Cited onMGF,PEG-MGF

PubChem CID 73587 (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine / GHK; C14H24N6O4, MW 340.38, sequence)

Cited onGHK-Cu,GHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

UniProt P05019 (native IGF-1)

Cited onIGF-1 LR3,IGF-1 DES

FDA — Epitalon placed on Category 2 interim 503A bulk drug substances list (2023; 'may present significant safety risks'); removed from Category 2 in April 2026, pending PCAC review 2026-07-24 (removal is not approval)

Cited onEpitalon,Thymosin Alpha-1

LC–MS/MS assay for 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium in rat plasma (rat PK; oral bioavailability ≈ 38%)

Cited on5-Amino-1MQ

REDEFINE-1, NEJM 2025 (CagriSema phase 3)

Cited onCagrilintide

Yoshino et al., Science 2021 (NCT03151239; NMN improved muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic postmenopausal women; drew a published critique questioning interpretation)

Cited onNAD+

Kolomin et al., Dokl Biochem Biophys 2010 (transcriptomic response of rat hippocampus & spleen to Selank, 200 µg/kg)

Cited onSelank

Clayton et al., Womens Health (Lond) 2016 (Phase 2b dose-finding)

Cited onPT-141

Stier, Vos & Kenley, J Endocrinol Metab 2013 (human safety across six placebo-controlled trials: well tolerated, no IGF-1 rise, no glucose impairment, no immunogenicity)

Cited onAOD-9604

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00672074 (Phase II ileus)

Cited onIpamorelin

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01262664 — first-in-man Phase 1 in obesity + metastatic prostate cancer; TERMINATED, n=4 enrolled, no results posted

Cited onAdipotide

Observational study measuring MOTS-c as a biomarker in type-2 diabetes/CAD (MOTS-c not administered)

Cited onMOTS-c

ClinicalTrials.gov — TRIUMPH Phase 3 program (NCT05929066 active; NCT05931367 completed; NCT06662383 vs tirzepatide)

Cited onGLP3-RT

Melanotan II as adjunct to NB-UVB for vitiligo repigmentation (Phase 2, recruiting; no results posted)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Topical GHK-Cu 0.1% gel for acute skin wound healing (Phase 2, recruiting; no results posted)

Cited onGHK-Cu

Phase-2a trial of subcutaneous MOTS-c in prediabetes + overweight/obesity (Hudson Biotech; recruiting from 2026-02; no results posted) — first human administration of MOTS-c

Cited onMOTS-c

Li et al., Cell Discovery 2024 (structural insights into triple agonism at GLP-1R/GIPR/GCGR by retatrutide)

Cited onGLP3-RT

Camacho-Pereira / Chini et al., Cell Metab 2016 (CD38 dictates age-related NAD+ decline and mitochondrial dysfunction via SIRT3; largely mouse + some human adipose)

Cited onNAD+

Pharmacokinetics of thymosin α1 after subcutaneous injection in healthy volunteers (rapid absorption, serum half-life ~2 h, no accumulation; well absorbed SC)

Cited onThymosin Alpha-1

Bone 1999 (rabbit)

Cited onBPC-157

Belchetz et al., Science 1978 (pulsatile vs continuous GnRH, rhesus monkeys)

Cited onGonadorelin

Frieboes et al. 1999 — nocturnal GH/ACTH, route comparison (J Neuroendocrinol)

Cited onGHRP-6

Locatelli et al. 1999 — GH-independent cardioprotection by hexarelin in rat (Endocrinology)

Cited onHexarelin

J Invest Dermatol 1999 (Tβ4 wound healing, rat)

Cited onTB-500

Gobburu et al., Pharm. Res. 1999 (human PK)

Cited onIpamorelin

Belokrylov, Popova, Sorochinskaya, Int J Immunopharmacol 1999 — immuno-/phagocytosis-modulating properties of dipeptides defined by their constituent amino acids

Cited onThymogen (Oglufanide)

Tulpule, Scadden et al., J Clin Oncol 2000 — randomized study of IM-862 (oglufanide) nasal solution in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (Phase II, open-label)

Cited onThymogen (Oglufanide)

Polunin et al., Vestn Oftalmol 2000 (Semax in optic nerve disease; controlled 3-group study)

Cited onSemax

Stubbs, Clin Obstet Gynecol 2000 (oxytocin for labor induction)

Cited onOxytocin

Rahim & Shalet 1998 — partial, reversible desensitization to 16-wk hexarelin (Growth Horm IGF Res)

Cited onHexarelin

Wessells et al., Urology 2000 (Melanotan II in organic erectile dysfunction; crossover)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Wessells et al., Int J Impot Res 2000 (human Melanotan II erectile-dysfunction study; double-blind crossover, RigiScan)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Ng et al., Horm Res 2000 (synthetic lipolytic domain AOD9604: weight gain ↓>50% in obese Zucker rats; no insulin-sensitivity penalty)

Cited onAOD-9604

Arvat et al. 2001 — ghrelin/GHS-R agonism, GHRH synergy, distinct receptors (JCEM)

Cited onGHRP-2

Gimpl & Fahrenholz, Physiol Rev 2001 (the oxytocin receptor system)

Cited onOxytocin

Turchaninova LN et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2000 — IM Cortagen 10 µg/kg ×10 d increased sciatic-nerve growth rate (~+27%) and conduction velocity (~+40%) in rats

Cited onCortagen (AEDP)

Hashimoto et al., PNAS 2001 — discovery of humanin as a neuronal 'rescue factor'

Cited onHumanin

Kost et al., Bioorg Khim 2001 (Semax & Selank inhibit enkephalin-degrading enzymes of human serum)

Cited onSelank

Lee & McPherron, PNAS 2001 — regulation of myostatin activity / follistatin-transgenic mice

Cited onFollistatin-344

Tomas et al. (food-restricted rat)

Cited onIGF-1 LR3

Khavinson VK et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2001 — tissue-specific effects of short peptides (school mechanism framing)

Cited onCortagen (AEDP)

Wren et al. 2001 — ghrelin increases food intake in humans (+28%) (JCEM)

Cited onGHRP-6

Lawrence et al. 2002 — central ghrelin/GHRP-6 induce feeding via NPY (rat, Endocrinology)

Cited onGHRP-6

Bodart et al. 2002 — CD36 mediates the cardiovascular action of GHRPs/hexarelin (Circ Res)

Cited onHexarelin

Br J Pharmacol 2002 — PAT (thymulin-related peptide ANALOG) analgesic/anti-inflammatory in rat

Cited onThymulin (FTS)

Panisset et al., J Neural Transm 2002 — Cerebrolysin in Alzheimer's disease (n=192)

Cited onCerebrolysin

Kolosova LI et al., Doklady Biological Sciences 2002 — delayed effect of Cortagen on functional restoration of an injured nerve (rat)

Cited onCortagen (AEDP)

Anisimov, Khavinson, Alimova et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2002 (Epitalon 1 mg SC 5×/wk lifelong; +13.5%/+13.9% mean/max lifespan + fewer tumors in her-2/neu mice — Khavinson lineage; not independently replicated)

Cited onEpitalon

Khavinson VKh, Lezhava TA, Monaselidze JG et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2002 — flagship: Livagen reactivates ribosomal genes and decondenses pericentromeric heterochromatin in old-donor lymphocytes

Cited onLivagen (KEDA)

des(1-3)IGF-1 IGF-1R/Akt in vivo

Cited onIGF-1 DES

Koczulla et al., J Clin Invest 2003 — LL-37/hCAP-18 is angiogenic via FPRL1 (FPR2); links host defense to neovascularization

Cited onLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

Djeridane, Khavinson, Anisimov, Touitou, J Endocrinol Invest 2003 (synthetic AEDG had NO significant effect on melatonin secretion in perfused young/old rat pineal — semi-independent; contradicts the melatonin claim)

Cited onEpitalon

Khavinson, Bondarev, Butyugov, Bull Exp Biol Med 2003 (Epitalon induces telomerase activity + telomere elongation in cultured human fetal fibroblasts — IN VITRO; single source; not replicated)

Cited onEpitalon

Kost NV et al., Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2003 — Livagen (defined as Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) inhibits serum enkephalin-degrading enzymes, IC50 ≈20 µM; no µ/δ-opioid receptor binding (primary-sources the KEDA sequence)

Cited onLivagen (KEDA)

Witschi et al. 1992 (oral PK)

Cited onGlutathione

Francis et al. 1992 (J Mol Endocrinol)

Cited onIGF-1 LR3

Ikonen et al., PNAS 2003 — humanin interacts with IGFBP-3 to regulate survival/apoptosis

Cited onHumanin

Diamond et al., Int J Impot Res 2004 (intranasal PT-141 in men)

Cited onPT-141

Romani, Bistoni, Puccetti et al., Blood 2004;103(11):4232–4239 (Tα1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through Toll-like receptor signaling — in vitro / mouse)

Cited onThymosin Alpha-1

World J. Gastroenterol. 2004

Cited onBPC-157

Khavinson VKh, Lezhava TA, Malinin VV, Bull Exp Biol Med 2004 — short peptides (incl. Livagen) affect lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects

Cited onLivagen (KEDA)

Kolonin et al., Nature Medicine 2004 — origin study: CKGGRAKDC homing peptide + prohibitin target; targeted ablation reverses obesity in mice

Cited onAdipotide

Anisimov SV et al., Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2004 — microarray: Cortagen altered ~110 genes in mouse heart; defines Cortagen = Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro from Cortexin

Cited onCortagen (AEDP)

Demers et al. 2004 — mapping of the hexarelin/GHRP binding site on CD36 (Biochem J)

Cited onHexarelin

Schuelke et al., NEJM 2004 — myostatin mutation causing gross muscle hypertrophy in a child

Cited onFollistatin-344

Pralmorelin (KP-102, GPA-748) Adis R&D profile 2004 — Japanese diagnostic approval, discontinued US development (Drugs R D)

Cited onGHRP-2

Adv Gerontol 2004 — pineal-gland peptide factors and thymus/bone-marrow rhythms in aging animals (Russian school)

Cited onVladonix

Nature 2004 (Tβ4, ILK/Akt, cardiac repair)

Cited onTB-500

Laferrère et al. 2005 — GHRP-2 increases food intake (+35.9%) in healthy men (JCEM)

Cited onGHRP-2

Coviello et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 (low-dose hCG maintains intratesticular testosterone)

Cited onHCG

Endocrinology 2005 (hGRF(1-29)-albumin bioconjugate; original CJC-1295 ID, rat)

Cited onCJC-1295

Glutathione-S-transferases (review)

Cited onGlutathione

Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2005

Cited onBPC-157

Kosfeld et al., Nature 2005 (oxytocin increases trust in humans)

Cited onOxytocin

Gombart et al., FASEB J 2005 — CAMP (cathelicidin) is a direct vitamin-D-receptor target gene

Cited onLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

Dhillo et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 (KP-54 first-in-human, ↑testosterone)

Cited onKisspeptin-10

Goldspink 2005 (MGF / mechano-growth-factor hypothesis)

Cited onMGF

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 (CJC-1295 human PK/PD/safety, multi-day GH/IGF-1)

Cited onCJC-1295

Eremin et al., Neurochem Res 2005 — Semax activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents (animal; plain Semax)

Cited onN-Acetyl Semax Amidate

Shevchenko et al., Bioorg Khim 2006 (intranasal brain penetration & rapid degradation; PGP dominant metabolite, rat)

Cited onSemax

Dolotov et al., J Neurochem 2006 (specific brain binding KD ≈ 2.4 nM; basal-forebrain BDNF, rat)

Cited onSemax

Zolotarev et al., Bioorg Khim 2006 (tritium-labeled Selank biodegradation; degradation products identified)

Cited onSelank

Michl et al., Int J Cancer 2006;119(7):1577–85 (PNC-28: nude-mouse pancreatic xenograft; IP over ~2 weeks; reported tumor destruction sparing normal cells — in vivo)

Cited onPNC-28

Lezhava T, Monaselidze J, Kadotani T et al., Georgian Med News 2006 — Epitalon, Livagen, Vilon reactivate chromatin (ribosomal-gene/NOR reactivation, heterochromatin decondensation) in old-donor lymphocytes

Cited onLivagen (KEDA)

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 (preserved GH pulsatility under continuous stimulation)

Cited onCJC-1295

J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2006

Cited onBPC-157

Domes et al., Biol Psychiatry 2007 (oxytocin improves 'mind-reading')

Cited onOxytocin

Deigin, Semenets et al., Int Immunopharmacol 2007 — EW (Glu-Trp) dipeptide isomers and the CFU-S population in mice

Cited onThymogen (Oglufanide)

Agapova et al., Neurosci Lett 2007 (region-specific NGF/BDNF transcript changes, rat brain)

Cited onSemax

Lezhava T, Jokhadze T, Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007 — peptide-induced activation of pericentromeric/telomeric heterochromatin in old-individual lymphocytes

Cited onLivagen (KEDA)

Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007

Cited onBPC-157

Yamasaki et al., Nat Med 2007 — abnormal cathelicidin (KLK5) processing drives rosacea skin inflammation

Cited onLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

Pyo et al., Arch Pharm Res 2007 (tripeptide-copper complex AHK-Cu: dermal-papilla-cell proliferation + ex vivo human hair-follicle elongation, in vitro/ex vivo)

Cited onAHK

Lee, PLoS ONE 2007 — quadrupling muscle mass by targeting TGF-β pathways (follistatin Tg × myostatin-null)

Cited onFollistatin-344

Carretero et al., J Invest Dermatol 2008 — LL-37 promotes wound healing / re-epithelialization

Cited onLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

Lande et al., Nature 2007 — LL-37 binds self-DNA, activates pDCs via TLR9 → type-I IFN; breaks tolerance in psoriasis

Cited onLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

Luger & Brzoska, review 2007 (α-MSH anti-inflammatory activity attributed to C-terminal KPV)

Cited onKPV

Prakash & Goa 1999 — Sermorelin: review of use in childhood GH deficiency

Cited onSermorelin

Falutz et al., N Engl J Med 2007 (pivotal Phase III, VAT/IGF-1)

Cited onTesamorelin

Dalmasso et al., Gastroenterology 2008 (PepT1 uptake, NF-κB/MAPK inhibition, DSS/TNBS colitis)

Cited onKPV

Kannengiesser et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008 (colitis; protective in MC1R-deficient mice)

Cited onKPV

Kvetnoi IM et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2007 — 'pancragene' effect on functional morphology of pancreas in experimental-diabetes rats

Cited onPancragen (KEDW)

Effect of Vilon on immune status and coagulation hemostasis in diabetes patients of different age, Adv Gerontol 2007 (Vilon-specific clinical/immune claim)

Cited onVilon (Lys-Glu)

Uchakina et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2008 (immunomodulation in anxiety-asthenic patients; IL-6 suppression, Th1/Th2 shift)

Cited onSelank

Khavinson VKh et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2007 — Pancragen effect on blood glucose, capillary permeability and adhesion in experimental-diabetes rats

Cited onPancragen (KEDW)

Pickart, J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2008 (GHK-Cu in tissue remodeling and wound healing — review)

Cited onGHK-Cu

Sarkisova et al., Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat 2008 — Selank effects on depression-like behavior (rats/mice); confirms sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro — PLAIN SELANK

Cited onN-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Surgery Today 2008

Cited onBPC-157

J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2008

Cited onBPC-157

Inozemtseva et al., Dokl Biol Sci 2008 (intranasal Selank regulates BDNF expression in rat hippocampus in vivo)

Cited onSelank

Bowne et al., Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15(12):3588–3600 (the membrane-residency leader converts death mode from apoptosis to necrosis in pancreatic cancer cells)

Cited onPNC-28

Kuznik BI, Pateyuk AV, Rusaeva NS, Bull Exp Biol Med 2008 — KEDG (with AEDG) in neonatally hypophysectomized chickens: increased TSH and thyroid hormones, partial thyroid structural recovery (animal; single-school)

Cited onTestagen (KEDG)

Aebi et al. 1991 (high-dose IV PK in man; plasma t½ 14.1 min, n=10)

Cited onGlutathione

Hauser et al. 2009 (IV PD pilot)

Cited onGlutathione

Hashimoto et al., Mol Biol Cell 2009 — humanin acts via a CNTFRα/WSX-1/gp130 receptor complex

Cited onHumanin

Meta-analysis of thymosin α1 + lamivudine vs lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B, 8 trials, n=583 (HBeAg seroconversion 45.1% vs 15.2%; virological response 84.7% vs 74.9%)

Cited onThymosin Alpha-1

Buse et al., Lancet 2009 (LEAD-6, vs exenatide)

Cited onLiraglutide

Cousen et al., Br J Dermatol 2009 (eruptive melanocytic naevi after melanotan injection)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Muzumdar et al., PLoS One 2009 — humanin as a central regulator of peripheral insulin action (rat)

Cited onHumanin

Dmitrieva et al., Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009 (Semax & PGP upregulate BDNF/NGF/NT-3 + Trk receptors after cerebral ischemia, MCAO rat)

Cited onSemax

Harms et al., Photochem Photobiol 2009 — α-MSH analog mitigates EPP photosensitivity (proof of concept)

Cited onMelanotan 1

Anisimov, Khavinson, Vopr Onkol 2009 — 35-year review of peptide bioregulators for cancer prevention (source-school summary)

Cited onVilon (Lys-Glu)

Semenova et al., Eksp Klin Farmakol 2009 (Selank vs tuftsin on brain serotonin metabolism, PCPA rats)

Cited onSelank

Falutz et al., J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010 (Phase III + extension, discontinuation)

Cited onTesamorelin

Vishnevskaia et al., Vopr Onkol 1991 — Thymalin in combined treatment of disseminated cervical cancer (Russian-language)

Cited onThymalin

Sookraj et al., Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010;66(2):325–31 (acts as the intact peptide to lyse cells via membrane pores)

Cited onPNC-27

Maio et al., J Clin Oncol 2010;28(10) — thymosin α1 + dacarbazine ± IFN in metastatic melanoma, RCT n=488 (median OS 9.4 vs 6.6 mo, HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.63–1.02, p=0.08 — missed significance)

Cited onThymosin Alpha-1

J. Orthop. Res. 2010

Cited onBPC-157

Mazella et al., PLoS Biology 2010 — spadin, a sortilin-derived TREK-1-targeting antidepressant concept (rodent)

Cited onPE-22-28

Roth et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 (dose-dependent ITT with very low-dose hCG)

Cited onHCG

Arjinpathana & Asawanonda 2012 (skin RCT)

Cited onGlutathione

Phase I synthetic Tβ4, IV PK/safety

Cited onTB-500

Li et al., FEBS Lett 2010 — adamantane neurotrophic peptides improve learning/memory & neurogenesis in mice (foundational; defines P021/Ac-DGGLAG-NH₂)

Cited onP21

Kuznik BI, Pateiuk AV et al., Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 2010 (Russian) — effects on immunity, hemostasis and thyroid morphology in hypophysectomized chickens (animal; single-school)

Cited onTestagen (KEDG)

Gafurov, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2010 — Cortexin add-on in post-stroke epilepsy (n=46)

Cited onCortexin

J. Appl. Physiol. 2011

Cited onBPC-157

Bowers et al. 1990 — GHRP-6 GH release and GHRH synergy in normal men (JCEM)

Cited onGHRP-6

Santoro, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990 (IV pulsatile GnRH / Lutrepulse efficacy & safety)

Cited onGonadorelin

Khavinson VKh et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2010 — biological activity of endogenous Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH₂ (KEDW-NH₂, the amide form)

Cited onPancragen (KEDW)

Ilić et al. 2011

Cited onBPC-157

Zarubina IV et al., Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia 2011 — Cortexin & Cortagen as correctors of brain metabolic disorders in chronic ischemia (rat)

Cited onCortagen (AEDP)

George et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011 (KP-10 ↑LH + pulse frequency in men)

Cited onKisspeptin-10

Jayasena et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011 (sexually dimorphic KP-10 response)

Cited onKisspeptin-10

Khavinson V et al., Rejuvenation Research 2011 — Pinealon restricted ROS accumulation and decreased cell death in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, PC12 cells (in vitro)

Cited onPinealon (EDR)

Review: utility of thymosin α1 as co-adjuvant in influenza vaccines / vaccine-hyporesponsive populations (immunogenicity endpoints; e.g. NCT01031966)

Cited onThymosin Alpha-1

Barnhart et al., Science Translational Medicine 2011 — adipotide in obese rhesus monkeys: ~10.6% weight loss, improved insulin resistance, reversible renal signal

Cited onAdipotide

Kuznik BI, Pateyuk AV et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2011 — hormonal activity and thyroid structure in hypophysectomized young chickens and old hens (animal; single-school)

Cited onTestagen (KEDG)

Heiss et al., Stroke 2012 — CASTA, Cerebrolysin in acute ischaemic stroke (n=1,070, null primary endpoint)

Cited onCerebrolysin

Korkushko OV et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2011 — prospects of Pancragen for correcting metabolic disorders in elderly people (human-oriented, prospects only)

Cited onPancragen (KEDW)

Arutjunyan A et al., Int J Clin Exp Med 2012 — Pinealon in pregnant rats with elevated homocysteine improved offspring learning and reduced cerebellar oxidative stress

Cited onPinealon (EDR)

Gillespie et al. 1990 (lit/lit mice)

Cited onIGF-1 DES

Cabrales et al. 2013 — human IV pharmacokinetics of GHRP-6 (Eur J Pharm Sci)

Cited onGHRP-6

Nelson et al., Clin Toxicol 2012 (systemic toxicity + rhabdomyolysis after 6 mg subcutaneous overdose)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Heij et al., Molecular Medicine 2012 — ARA-290 in sarcoidosis small-fibre neuropathy (pilot RCT, N=22)

Cited onARA-290 (Cibinetide)

Attie et al., Muscle & Nerve 2013 — single ascending-dose Phase 1 in 48 healthy postmenopausal women; +3.3% lean mass at 3 mg/kg; half-life ~10–15 days

Cited onACE-031

Wu, Li, Liu et al., Crit Care 2013 — ETASS: thymosin α1 in severe sepsis, multicenter single-blind RCT, n=361 (28-day mortality 26.0% vs 35.0%; log-rank p=0.049, marginal); NCT00711620

Cited onThymosin Alpha-1

Devlin et al., Clin Toxicol 2013 (priapism after Melanotan II overdose)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Fedoreyeva LI et al., Biochemistry (Moscow) 2013 — short peptides interact with FITC-labelled histones / oligonucleotide complexes (Vanyushin lab; partial-independent binding corroboration only)

Cited onPancragen (KEDW)

Griese et al. 2013 (inhaled CF RCT)

Cited onGlutathione

Pateyuk AV, Baranchugova LM, Rusaeva NS, Obydenko VI, Kuznik BI, Bull Exp Biol Med 2013 — effect on thymus morphology in hypophysectomized young and old birds (animal; single-school)

Cited onTestagen (KEDG)

Bosch et al., S Afr Med J 1990 (HCG & weight loss — double-blind placebo-controlled RCT)

Cited onHCG

Gastinel et al., PNAS 1985 — a zinc-dependent epitope on the thymulin molecule; apo-peptide inactive

Cited onThymulin (FTS)

Dahan et al., Molecular Medicine 2013 — ARA-290 RCT in sarcoidosis neuropathy; corneal nerve-fibre density

Cited onARA-290 (Cibinetide)

J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2013

Cited onBPC-157

Schulze et al., Eur J Dermatol 2014 (eruptive naevi + darkening of existing naevi after a single dose)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Hjuler & Lorentzen, Dermatology 2014 (melanoma associated with Melanotan-II use)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Curr Pharm Des 2014 — review: thymulin physiology and therapeutic potential

Cited onThymulin (FTS)

Bolognin et al., Neurobiol Aging 2014 — rescue of cognitive-aging by a neurogenic/neurotrophic compound (aged rats)

Cited onP21

Kraus et al., Nature 2014 (NNMT knockdown protects mice against diet-induced obesity — target validation, not this molecule)

Cited on5-Amino-1MQ

Tarnovskaya SI et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2014 — molecular-mechanics modelling of DNA–tetrapeptide interactions

Cited onPancragen (KEDW)

Richie et al. 2015 (6-mo RCT)

Cited onGlutathione

Jayasena et al., J Clin Invest 2014 (KP-54 IVF oocyte-maturation trigger)

Cited onKisspeptin-10

Lee et al., Aging Cell 2014 — IGF-I regulates the age-dependent decline of humanin (human observational)

Cited onHumanin

Kazim et al., Neurobiol Dis 2014 — disease-modifying effect of chronic oral P021 in 3xTg-AD mice

Cited onP21

Mendzheritskiĭ AM et al., Advances in Gerontology 2014 — Cortexin + Pinealon modulated serum cytokines and brain caspase-3 in aged rats under acute hypoxia (Russian)

Cited onPinealon (EDR)

Umnov, Bull Exp Biol Med 2014 — Cortexin stimulates signaling-molecule expression in rat cortical cultures (in vitro)

Cited onCortexin

Borsotto et al., Br J Pharmacol 2015 — targeting TREK-1/TASK-3 channels for depression (review)

Cited onPE-22-28

Mao et al. 2014 — review: hexarelin, CD36 and GH-independent cardioprotection (J Geriatr Cardiol)

Cited onHexarelin

Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A, Biomed Res Int 2014 — 'GHK and DNA: Resetting the Human Genome to Health'; Connectivity-Map microarray analysis reporting GHK altered ~31% of assayed genes (source of the '~4,000 genes' figure); originator-authored, in-vitro/database

Cited onGHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

PNAS 2014 (structural basis, Tβ4–actin)

Cited onTB-500

Mendell et al., Mol Ther 2015 — follistatin GENE THERAPY (AAV1.CMV.FS344) for Becker muscular dystrophy

Cited onFollistatin-344

Beck et al., Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 2014 (Phase II)

Cited onIpamorelin

Brines et al., Molecular Medicine 2015 — ARA-290 4 mg SC ×28 d in type 2 diabetes neuropathy/metabolic (NTR3858)

Cited onARA-290 (Cibinetide)

Ross et al. 1989 (IGFBPs do not inhibit DES)

Cited onIGF-1 DES

Molecules 2014

Cited onBPC-157

Zlokovic et al., Peptides 1989 — saturable blood-brain-barrier transport mechanism

Cited onDSIP

Biolcati et al., Br J Dermatol 2015 — long-term observational study of afamelanotide in 115 EPP patients

Cited onMelanotan 1

Lee et al., Cell Metab 2015 (discovery; 12S-rRNA-encoded MDP; folate→AICAR→AMPK; mouse insulin sensitization, anti-obesity; mouse IP doses)

Cited onMOTS-c

Goncharova ND et al., Advances in Gerontology 2014/2015 — Pancragen impact on endocrine pancreas and impaired glucose tolerance in old rhesus monkeys (primate model)

Cited onPancragen (KEDW)

Leng & Ludwig, Biol Psychiatry 2016 (intranasal oxytocin: myths and delusions)

Cited onOxytocin

Jayasena et al., Hum Reprod 2015 (KP-10 vs KP-54 vs GnRH head-to-head)

Cited onKisspeptin-10

Pi-Sunyer et al., NEJM 2015 (SCALE, obesity)

Cited onLiraglutide

Langendonk et al., N Engl J Med 2015 — afamelanotide for erythropoietic protoporphyria (pivotal RCTs)

Cited onMelanotan 1

Walum et al., Biol Psychiatry 2016 (statistical/methodological critique of intranasal OT)

Cited onOxytocin

Medvedev et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2015 — Selank add-on to phenazepam for anxiety disorders (human, n=70) — PLAIN SELANK

Cited onN-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Gomazkov, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2015 — Cortexin composition & proposed mechanisms (review)

Cited onCortexin

Sun et al., Chin Med J 2015 (GnRH stimulation test in delayed puberty)

Cited onGonadorelin

Low, Thurman, Goldstein et al., PNAS 1977;74(2):725–729 (isolation + sequence of thymosin α1, an immunologically active thymic polypeptide)

Cited onThymosin Alpha-1

Schoenenberger & Monnier, PNAS 1977 — original isolation/characterization of the delta-EEG-inducing nonapeptide (rabbit)

Cited onDSIP

Muresanu et al., Stroke 2016 — CARS, Cerebrolysin and Recovery After Stroke (n=205)

Cited onCerebrolysin

Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacol 1989 — 'Thymulin, a zinc-dependent hormone'

Cited onThymulin (FTS)

Nave et al., Perspect Psychol Sci 2015 (does oxytocin increase trust? critical review)

Cited onOxytocin

Ann Clin Lab Sci 2015;45(6):650–8 (PNC-27 cytotoxicity in patient-derived ovarian cancer cells, ex vivo)

Cited onPNC-27

Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2016

Cited onBPC-157

Lin'kova NS et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2016 — peptide regulation of skin fibroblast function during in-vitro aging (KED among peptides studied)

Cited onVesugen (KED)

Marso et al., NEJM 2016 (LEADER, CV outcomes)

Cited onLiraglutide

Viennois et al., Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016 (PepT1 genetic proof; no effect in PepT1-KO)

Cited onKPV

Campbell et al., Muscle & Nerve 2017 — ACE-031 in ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (n=24); halted for epistaxis and telangiectasias

Cited onACE-031

Marso et al., NEJM 2016 (SUSTAIN-6, CV outcomes)

Cited onSemaglutide

Trammell, Brenner et al., Nat Commun 2016 (first-in-human NR pharmacokinetics; oral NR dose-dependently raised the blood NAD+ metabolome; PK/biomarker only)

Cited onNAD+

PEGylation pharmacology review (extended half-life rationale)

Cited onPEG-MGF

J. Mol. Med. 2017

Cited onBPC-157

Shaw et al. 2017

Cited onBPC-157

Khavinson VK et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2016 — 'Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression' (single-school mechanism review)

Cited onPancragen (KEDW)

Comninos et al., J Clin Invest 2017 (kisspeptin modulates sexual brain processing)

Cited onKisspeptin-10

Xiao et al., Mol Ther 2017 (oral hyaluronic-acid-functionalized KPV nanoparticles, DSS colitis)

Cited onKPV

Mendell et al., Mol Ther 2017 — follistatin gene therapy for sporadic inclusion body myositis

Cited onFollistatin-344

Kasian et al., Behav Neurol 2017 (Selank enhances diazepam's anxiolysis under chronic mild stress, rat EPM)

Cited onSelank

Baar et al., Cell 2017 — targeted apoptosis of senescent cells restores tissue homeostasis (foundational mouse/cell study)

Cited onFOXO4-DRI

Mischley et al. 2017 (intranasal PD RCT)

Cited onGlutathione

Culver et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017 — Phase 2b dose-finding (NCT02039687); 4 mg effective, non-monotonic

Cited onARA-290 (Cibinetide)

Kozlov KL et al., Advances in Gerontology 2016 — the core 'vascular' paper: KED normalised endothelin-1, restored endothelial connexin coupling, increased SIRT1 (in vitro; Russian)

Cited onVesugen (KED)

Neelakantan et al., J Med Chem 2017 (SAR of NNMT inhibitors; 5-amino-1MQ IC50 ≈ 1.2 µM)

Cited on5-Amino-1MQ

Baazaoui & Iqbal, Alzheimers Res Ther 2017 — prevention of dendritic/synaptic deficits with a neurotrophic compound (3xTg-AD mice)

Cited onP21

Ross et al. 1987 — GHRH treatment of GH deficiency (Lancet)

Cited onSermorelin

Adler et al., Australas J Dermatol 2017 (unregulated Melanotan II as a public-health concern)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Djillani et al., Front Pharmacol 2017 — shortened spadin analogs (PE 22-28): better TREK-1 inhibition, stability & antidepressant activity (mouse)

Cited onPE-22-28

Chervyakova, Linkova, Chalisova, Khavinson et al., Adv Gerontol 2014 — molecular aspects of immunoprotective peptide activity in aging spleen (the only record naming Crystagen; Russian, English abstract)

Cited onCrystagen

S14G-humanin (HNG) analog reference — neuroprotection, Exp Ther Med 2017

Cited onHumanin

Neelakantan et al., Biochem Pharmacol 2017 (5-amino-1MQ reverses high-fat-diet obesity in mice; adipocyte NAD+/lipogenesis)

Cited on5-Amino-1MQ

Glycoalkylated KPV analogs 2018 (modified KPV shows improved proteolytic stability vs native)

Cited onKPV

Kim et al., Cell Metab 2018 (MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus to regulate nuclear gene expression under metabolic stress; NRF2/ARE; AMPK-dependent — in vitro)

Cited onMOTS-c

Djillani et al., Pharmacol Ther 2019 — fighting depression with TREK-1 blockers, focus on spadin (review)

Cited onPE-22-28

Neelakantan et al., Biochem Pharmacol 2019 (NNMT inhibitor activates senescent muscle stem cells in aged skeletal muscle)

Cited on5-Amino-1MQ

Caputi S et al., Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019 — KED (and related peptides) increased GAP43 and Nestin in neuronal differentiation of human periodontal-ligament stem cells (Italian–St. Petersburg collaboration)

Cited onVesugen (KED)

Salati et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 (prophylactic oxytocin, third stage)

Cited onOxytocin

Husain et al., NEJM 2019 (PIONEER 6, oral, CV outcomes)

Cited onSemaglutide

Althof et al., J Sex Med 2019 (Phase 2b responder analyses)

Cited onPT-141

Conze, Brenner, Kruger et al., Sci Rep 2019 (NR RCT, n=140; whole-blood NAD+ +22%/+51%/+142% at 100/300/1000 mg; ChromaDex-funded — COI)

Cited onNAD+

Grant et al., Front Aging Neurosci 2019 (only published human IV NAD+ pharmacokinetic pilot; n=11; 750 mg over 6 h; delayed plasma rise + heavy degradation to nicotinamide/ADP-ribose)

Cited onNAD+

Kingsberg et al., Obstet Gynecol 2019 (RECONNECT, two Phase 3 trials)

Cited onPT-141

Simon et al., Obstet Gynecol 2019 (long-term safety/efficacy)

Cited onPT-141

Kolik et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2019 — Selank protects against ethanol-induced memory impairment via BDNF (rats) — PLAIN SELANK

Cited onN-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Maquart FX et al., FEBS Lett 1988 — original in-vitro study: the tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu stimulated collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures at very low concentrations (primary research; COPPER COMPLEX, not free GHK)

Cited onGHK (copper-free, Gly-His-Lys)

Cui et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 — Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia (6 RCTs, 597 pts)

Cited onCerebrolysin

Zhang et al., Aging (Albany NY) 2020 — FOXO4-DRI targets senescent Leydig cells and raises testosterone in aged mice

Cited onFOXO4-DRI

Ikonomidis et al., J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020 (MOTS-c measured as a human biomarker in type-2 diabetes with coronary artery disease; observational)

Cited onMOTS-c

Butler et al., J Card Fail 2020 — PROGRESS-HF, elamipretide in heart failure / HFrEF (n=71, failed LVESV)

Cited onSS-31 (Elamipretide)

Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2020

Cited onBPC-157

Declerck et al., Nat Hum Behav 2020 (registered replication on oxytocin and trust — null)

Cited onOxytocin

Prasad et al., J Clin Invest 1988 — serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency (biomarker use)

Cited onThymulin (FTS)

Review — mitochondrial-derived peptides in aging and age-related diseases, GeroScience 2021

Cited onHumanin

Sci. Rep. 2020

Cited onBPC-157

Reid Thompson et al., Genet Med 2021 — TAZPOWER phase 2/3, elamipretide in Barth syndrome (n=12, randomized arm negative)

Cited onSS-31 (Elamipretide)

Multicenter retrospective COVID-19 study, 19 hospitals, n=771 (unadjusted mortality 41.3% vs 60.6%, but after propensity matching 51.0% vs 52.9%, NOT significant — no association with reduced mortality)

Cited onThymosin Alpha-1

Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2020 — Thymalin activates differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells

Cited onThymalin

Khavinson V et al., Molecules 2020 — review/hypothesis: EDR regulation of gene expression relevant to Alzheimer's pathogenesis (no new primary data)

Cited onPinealon (EDR)

Reynolds et al., Nat Commun 2021 (mouse exercise capacity across ages + healthspan; mouse age-related decline of MOTS-c in muscle/circulation; in humans, exercise induces endogenous MOTS-c in muscle and blood; CohBar COI disclosed)

Cited onMOTS-c

Wilding et al., NEJM 2021 (STEP-1, obesity)

Cited onSemaglutide

Khavinson-school report, Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021 — hematopoietic stem-cell differentiation activator in COVID-19 complex therapy (thymic-peptide concept, not Vladonix)

Cited onVladonix

Akar et al., J Obstet Gynaecol 2021 (5-amino-1MQ anti-proliferative in HeLa, sparing HEK-293)

Cited on5-Amino-1MQ

Enebo et al., Lancet 2021 (phase 1b cagrilintide + semaglutide)

Cited onCagrilintide

Kyhl et al., Clin Transl Sci 2021 (first-in-human PK/PD of recombinant hCG)

Cited onHCG

Huang et al., Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021 — FOXO4-DRI removes senescent cells from in-vitro expanded human chondrocytes

Cited onFOXO4-DRI

Wei et al., J Alzheimers Dis 2021 — early-postnatal neurotrophic treatment prevents Alzheimer-like behavior (notes brain P021 levels never directly assayed)

Cited onP21

Khavinson V et al., Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021 — EDR reduced dendritic-spine loss / neuroprotective effects in a mouse Alzheimer's-model cell system

Cited onPinealon (EDR)

Frías et al., NEJM 2021 (SURPASS-2, vs semaglutide)

Cited onTirzepatide

Khavinson VK et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2021 — review; states oral KED improved memory/attention in elderly and restores synaptic plasticity in an in-vitro AD model

Cited onVesugen (KED)

Kruse et al., J Med Chem 2021 (development of cagrilintide)

Cited onCagrilintide

J Cell Mol Med 2021 (Phase I rhTβ4, IV PK/safety)

Cited onTB-500

Lau et al., Lancet 2021 (phase 2 cagrilintide monotherapy)

Cited onCagrilintide

Biomedicines 2021

Cited onBPC-157

Front. Endocrinol. 2021 (Tβ4 function & application review)

Cited onTB-500

Dimet/Neelakantan et al., Sci Rep 2022 (NNMT inhibition + reduced-calorie diet; adiposity & microbiome in DIO mice)

Cited on5-Amino-1MQ

Putilina, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2022 — Cortexin 10/20 mg IM ×10d in post-COVID neurological symptoms (observational)

Cited onCortexin

Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VK, Esposito JE et al., Int J Mol Sci 2022 — five Khavinson peptides (incl. Chonluten) reduced LPS-stimulated TNF and IL-6 in the human THP-1 monocyte/macrophage line (in vitro; Italy–Russia collaboration WITH Khavinson, not independent replication; respiratory thesis not tested)

Cited onChonluten (EDG)

Review — mitochondria-derived peptides in aging and healthspan, J Clin Invest 2022

Cited onHumanin

Sarafraz-Yazdi et al., Biomedicines 2022;10(5):945 (membrane-pore/lysis model; primary research from the originating lab, not an independent review)

Cited onPNC-27

Jastreboff et al., NEJM 2022 (SURMOUNT-1, obesity)

Cited onTirzepatide

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022

Cited onBPC-157

2022 (Tβ4 vs cardiac fibrosis, mouse MI)

Cited onTB-500

Monti et al., Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1987 — double-blind crossover; sleep effect 'of little clinical significance'

Cited onDSIP

Coskun et al., Cell Metab 2022 (discovery, triple-agonist pharmacology, PK)

Cited onGLP3-RT

Thurston et al., JAMA Netw Open 2022 (kisspeptin in HSDD women)

Cited onKisspeptin-10

Konstantinopolsky et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2022 — Selank attenuates morphine-withdrawal signs (rats) — PLAIN SELANK

Cited onN-Acetyl Selank Amidate

Urva et al., Lancet 2022 (LY3437943 Phase 1b, type 2 diabetes)

Cited onGLP3-RT

Zimmermann et al., Mol Metab 2022 (discovery/pharmacology)

Cited onSurvodutide

Quaas et al., J Assist Reprod Genet 2022 (pulsatile GnRH in FHA, 25-year cohort)

Cited onGonadorelin

NMN dose-finding RCT, GeroScience 2023 (NCT04823260; 300/600/900 mg; raised blood NAD+; six-minute walk improved; HOMA-IR unchanged; manufacturer-funded — COI)

Cited onNAD+

Front. Pharmacol. 2022

Cited onBPC-157

RGN-259 Phase III neurotrophic keratopathy

Cited onTB-500

J Biol Chem 1986 — NMR structure; nonapeptide, zinc-dependent immunoregulation

Cited onThymulin (FTS)

Karaa et al., Neurology 2023 — MMPOWER-3, elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy (n=218, failed co-primaries)

Cited onSS-31 (Elamipretide)

Frias et al., Lancet 2023 (CagriSema phase 2, type 2 diabetes)

Cited onCagrilintide

Jastreboff et al., N Engl J Med 2023 (Phase 2 obesity trial)

Cited onGLP3-RT

Rosenstock et al., Lancet 2023 (Phase 2 type 2 diabetes trial)

Cited onGLP3-RT

Damgaard & Treebak, Sci Adv 2023 (independent critical review: oral NR has shown 'few clinically relevant effects'; no indication oral NR raises muscle NAD+ in humans; warns of exaggeration in the field)

Cited onNAD+

Ziganshina et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 — Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke (7 RCTs, 1,773 pts)

Cited onCerebrolysin

Lincoff et al., NEJM 2023 (SELECT, CV outcomes)

Cited onSemaglutide

Orr et al., GeroScience 2024 (NR in mild cognitive impairment; n=20; 2.6-fold blood NAD+ rise but NO cognitive benefit — functional null)

Cited onNAD+

Blüher/le Roux et al., Diabetologia 2024 (phase 2 type 2 diabetes)

Cited onSurvodutide

le Roux et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024 (phase 2 obesity)

Cited onSurvodutide

Reid Thompson et al., Genet Med 2024 — TAZPOWER 168-week open-label extension, Barth (uncontrolled, positive)

Cited onSS-31 (Elamipretide)

Seidl & Aigner, J Med Life 2024 — composition/biological activity of Cerebrolysin (manufacturer-favorable)

Cited onCerebrolysin

Krzesaj et al., Ann Clin Lab Sci 2024;54(2):137–148 (membrane-HDM-2 + proposed mitochondrial disruption; same lab + Nomocan affiliation)

Cited onPNC-27

Sanyal et al., NEJM 2024 (phase 2 MASH)

Cited onSurvodutide

Sanyal et al., Nat Med 2024 (Phase 2a MASLD trial; half-life ~6 days)

Cited onGLP3-RT

Malhotra et al., NEJM 2024 (SURMOUNT-OSA, sleep apnea)

Cited onTirzepatide

Dimet-Wiley et al., Sci Rep 2024 (5A-1MQ mimics/boosts exercise; ~40% grip-strength gain in 22-month mice, 10 mg/kg SC × 8 wk)

Cited on5-Amino-1MQ

Thorough QT study, cagrilintide up to 4.5 mg (2024)

Cited onCagrilintide

ReCLAIM-2, Ophthalmol Sci 2025 — elamipretide in dry AMD / geographic atrophy (n=176, failed co-primaries)

Cited onSS-31 (Elamipretide)

IGF-1 signaling landscape (review)

Cited onIGF-1 LR3

TESTS: thymosin α1 for sepsis, multicentre double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 3 RCT, 22 centers, n=1,089 (28-day mortality 23.4% vs 24.1%; HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.77–1.27, p=0.93 — NO benefit)

Cited onThymosin Alpha-1

Elamipretide review — structure / mechanism of action (cardiolipin binding)

Cited onSS-31 (Elamipretide)

Pharmaceuticals 2025 (review)

Cited onBPC-157

Araj, Brzezik, Mądra-Gackowska, Szeleszczuk, Int J Mol Sci 2025 (independent narrative review: calls Epitalon 'promising' / rationale plausible, while flagging the gaps — decades-old evidence base, limited structural data, no independent replication, no regulatory-grade toxicology)

Cited onEpitalon

Yassin Alsabbagh et al., Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2025 (oral mucosal melanoma associated with Melanotan II nasal spray)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Brain amylin receptors 1 and 3 mediate cagrilintide weight loss (2025)

Cited onCagrilintide

Inflammopharmacology 2025

Cited onBPC-157

Dobriţescu A, Samide A, Cioateră N et al., Molecules 2025 — KEDG ('Testagen peptide') as a COPPER-CORROSION inhibitor in saline. MATERIALS-SCIENCE study, NOT biomedical: it confirms the sequence but says nothing about hormones, thyroid, testes or health. Listed only to flag misrepresentation

Cited onTestagen (KEDG)

SYNCHRONIZE-1 phase 3 obesity (baseline-design paper)

Cited onSurvodutide

Reyna et al., Front Aging 2026 (retrospective real-world tolerability of IV NAD+ vs IV NR; rate-dependent GI/chest-pressure reactions; tolerability only, not an efficacy trial)

Cited onNAD+

Shchulkin, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2026 — Cortexin vs comparators on BDNF/TNF-α/apoptosis in rat MCAO (preclinical)

Cited onCortexin

Schoenenberger et al., Pflugers Arch 1978 — amino-acid analysis, sequence, synthesis of the nonapeptide

Cited onDSIP

Schneider-Helmert et al., Lancet 1981 — 'synthetic DSIP improves sleep in insomniacs' (no abstract on record)

Cited onDSIP

Glutathione metabolism (review)

Cited onGlutathione

Ng & Bornstein, Am J Physiol 1978 (hGH C-terminal fragments raise blood glucose/insulin and reduce insulin sensitivity in rats — diabetogenic)

Cited onHGH Fragment 176-191

Dick et al., Eur Neurol 1984 — DSIP in alcohol/opiate withdrawal syndromes

Cited onDSIP

Larbig et al., Eur Neurol 1984 — chronic-pain clinical pilot study

Cited onDSIP

AAP 1983 (benzyl alcohol in neonatal units)

Cited onBAC Water

Gershanik et al. 1982 (NEJM, gasping syndrome)

Cited onBAC Water

Yamamoto & Murphy 1995 (endogenous formation)

Cited onIGF-1 DES

Bastian et al. 1993 (clearance)

Cited onIGF-1 LR3

Popovic et al. 1995 — GHRP-6 GH secretion abolished in hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection (JCEM 80(3))

Cited onGHRP-6

IGF/insulin in tumour-bearing rats

Cited onIGF-1 LR3

Ghigo et al. 1994 — hexarelin GH release and multi-route bioavailability in humans (J Clin Endocrinol Metab)

Cited onHexarelin

Maquart et al., J Clin Invest 1993 (in-vivo: locally injected GHK-Cu stimulates connective-tissue/collagen accumulation in rat wound chambers)

Cited onGHK-Cu

Bach & Dardenne, C R Acad Sci 1976 — original isolation and Edman sequencing of serum thymic factor (thymulin) from pig serum

Cited onThymulin (FTS)

Tauber et al. 1993 — continuous SC GHRH(1-29) in partial GHD

Cited onSermorelin

Protective effect of FPF-1070 (Cerebrolysin) on delayed neuronal death in the gerbil (animal mechanism study)

Cited onCerebrolysin

Wu & Ng, Biochem Mol Biol Int 1993 (synthetic hGH 177-191: anti-lipogenic like intact GH; NO significant lipolytic effect)

Cited onHGH Fragment 176-191

Potaman et al., Peptides 1993 — degradation of ACTH(4-10)/Semax by rat serum enzymes (aminopeptidase-dominant; mechanistic basis for N-acetyl stabilization)

Cited onN-Acetyl Semax Amidate

PNAS 1993 (Tβ4 actin ATP/ADP affinity)

Cited onTB-500

Lijesen et al., Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995 (Simeons HCG therapy — criteria-based meta-analysis)

Cited onHCG

Dorr et al., Life Sci 1996 (Phase-I human safety/tolerability; subcutaneous dosing; pigmentary response)

Cited onMelanotan 2

des(1-3)IGF-1 potency review

Cited onIGF-1 DES

Vittone et al. 1997 — single nightly GHRH(1-29) in healthy elderly men

Cited onSermorelin

Khorram, Laughlin & Yen 1997 — long-term [Nle27]GHRH(1-29) in age-advanced adults

Cited onSermorelin

McPherron & Lee, PNAS 1997 — double muscling in cattle from myostatin (GDF8) mutations

Cited onFollistatin-344

Sikirić et al. 1997

Cited onBPC-157

Tomas et al. 1997 (hypoglycemia potency)

Cited onIGF-1 DES

Pihoker et al. 1998 — Phase I pharmacokinetics of GHRP-2 in children, ~33 min elimination half-life (JCEM)

Cited onGHRP-2

Local IGF-1 muscle hypertrophy (rat)

Cited onIGF-1 LR3

Rucker et al. 1998

Cited onBPC-157

Wessells et al., J Urol 1998 (Melanotan II in psychogenic erectile dysfunction; double-blind crossover)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Hadley & Dorr, Pharm Biotechnol 1998 (discovery & development of Melanotan-I and -II at U. Arizona)

Cited onMelanotan 2

Raun et al., Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1998

Cited onIpamorelin

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, α-linkage, oglufanide/IM-862 synonyms)

Cited onThymogen (Oglufanide)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, sequence; 'Pinealon' and 'Glu-Asp-Arg' on the same record)

Cited onPinealon (EDR)

PubChem record — CID, CAS, formula, MW, sequence

Cited onSS-31 (Elamipretide)

PubChem CID 124886

Cited onGlutathione

PubChem CID 125672 (KPV / Lys-Pro-Val, α-MSH 11-13)

Cited onKPV

PubChem CID 146675088 (MOTS-c; C101H152N28O22S2, MW 2174.6, 16-aa sequence MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR; CAS 1627580-64-6; FDA UNII A5CV6JFB78)

Cited onMOTS-c

PubChem CID 156588324 (Tirzepatide, free peptide)

Cited onTirzepatide

PubChem CID 16130571 (Thymalfasin / Thymosin α1; C129H215N33O55, MW 3108.3 avg, monoisotopic 3106.50; 28-aa N-acetylated sequence Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN; CAS 62304-98-7 / 69521-94-4; FDA UNII W0B22ISQ1C)

Cited onThymosin Alpha-1

PubChem CID 16131230 (Somatotropin 176-191; C78H123N23O22S2, ~1799.1 g/mol; CAS 66004-57-7)

Cited onHGH Fragment 176-191

PubChem record — formula, MW, sequence

Cited onHumanin

PubChem CID 16132341 (Thymosin β4)

Cited onTB-500

PubChem — Sermorelin (CID 16132413)

Cited onSermorelin

PubChem CID 16134956 (Liraglutide)

Cited onLiraglutide

PubChem CID 16137828 (Tesamorelin)

Cited onTesamorelin

PubChem CID 16197727 (Afamelanotide / Melanotan 1)

Cited onMelanotan 1

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW)

Cited onLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

PubChem CID 163360068 — adipotide: C₁₁₁H₂₀₆N₃₆O₂₈S₂, MW 2557.2, InChIKey GZESIPHLGJDZRG-VCWDIOOSSA-N

Cited onAdipotide

PubChem CID 165437303 (PE 22-28)

Cited onPE-22-28

PubChem record — formula, MW, CID

Cited onFOXO4-DRI

PubChem CID 168429725 (Survodutide)

Cited onSurvodutide

PubChem CID 168431292 (AHK-Cu monohydrochloride; copper(II) Ala-His-Lys complex, INCI Copper Tripeptide-3, CAS 682809-81-0)

Cited onAHK

PubChem CID 171390338 (Retatrutide / LY3437943, free acid)

Cited onGLP3-RT

PubChem CID 171397054 (Cagrilintide)

Cited onCagrilintide

PubChem Compound — N-acetyl semax amidate, CID 172638603 (C39H54N10O10S; authoritative for identity)

Cited onN-Acetyl Semax Amidate

PubChem structure record — connectivity structure (undefined stereo); name 'Cortagen' does not resolve by name. Formula/MW are structure-record values

Cited onCortagen (AEDP)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, InChIKey) for the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Gly. Note: 'Chonluten' is NOT a PubChem synonym; the database name is 'glutamyl-aspartyl-glycine' / 'T-34 tripeptide'

Cited onChonluten (EDG)

PubChem CID 219042 (Epitalon / AEDG; C14H22N4O9, MW 390.35; sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly; CAS 307297-39-8 / 64082-79-7; FDA UNII O65P17785G)

Cited onEpitalon

PubChem CID 244 (benzyl alcohol)

Cited onBAC Water

PubChem CID 25240297 (Kisspeptin-10)

Cited onKisspeptin-10

PubChem — GHRP-6 (CID 4345065)

Cited onGHRP-6

PubChem CID 439153 (NADH, reduced form; C21H29N7O14P2, MW 665.4)

Cited onNAD+

PubChem CID 439302 (Oxytocin)

Cited onOxytocin

PubChem CID 56843331 (Semaglutide, free acid)

Cited onSemaglutide

PubChem CID 5892 (NAD+ / nadide; C21H27N7O14P2, MW 663.4; CAS 53-84-9; FDA UNII 0U46U6E8UK)

Cited onNAD+

PubChem CID 62707662 (Ac-LKKTETQ fragment)

Cited onTB-500

PubChem CID 638793 (Gonadorelin)

Cited onGonadorelin

PubChem CID 65359 (GSSG)

Cited onGlutathione

PubChem CID 66522933 (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium iodide salt)

Cited on5-Amino-1MQ

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, sequence; free-acid KEDW). 'Pancragen'/'KEDW' are not PubChem synonyms — mapping is primary-sourced in the Khavinson literature

Cited onPancragen (KEDW)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, sequence)

Cited onDSIP

PubChem — Pralmorelin / GHRP-2 free base (CID 6918245)

Cited onGHRP-2

PubChem — Hexarelin free base (CID 6918297)

Cited onHexarelin

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, sequence; 'Vilon' and 'Lys-Glu' co-resolve)

Cited onVilon (Lys-Glu)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS)

Cited onThymulin (FTS)

PubChem CID 71300630 (AOD-9604; C78H123N23O23S2, ~1815.1 g/mol; CAS 221231-10-3)

Cited onAOD-9604

PubChem CID 71587328 (Prezatide copper / GHK-Cu complex; C14H23CuN6O4+, MW 402.92; Cu(II) chelate)

Cited onGHK-Cu

PubChem CID 7408502 (Ala-His-Lys / free AHK; C15H26N6O4, MW 354.41, CAS 126828-32-8)

Cited onAHK

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, sequence). Note: the bare 'KED' name search returns an unrelated molecule (CID 130427306); the correct peptide CID is 87571363

Cited onVesugen (KED)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, sequence). Reachable only via 'H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala-OH'; 'Livagen'/'KEDA' are not PubChem synonyms

Cited onLivagen (KEDA)

PubChem record — identity (CID, formula, MW, CAS, sequence)

Cited onARA-290 (Cibinetide)

PubChem CID 91971820 (CJC-1295 with DAC)

Cited onCJC-1295

PubChem CID 91976842 (CJC-1295 without DAC / Mod-GRF 1-29)

Cited onCJC-1295

PubChem CID 92432 (Melanotan II; formula, mass, sequence, CAS 121062-08-6)

Cited onMelanotan 2

PubChem CID 950107 (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium cation)

Cited on5-Amino-1MQ

PubChem CID 962 (water)

Cited onBAC Water

PubChem CID 9811102 (Semax / ACTH(4-7) Pro-Gly-Pro)

Cited onSemax

PubChem CID 9831659 (Ipamorelin)

Cited onIpamorelin

PubChem CID 9941379 (Bremelanotide)

Cited onPT-141

PubChem CID 9941957

Cited onBPC-157

UniProt P01215 — Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain (CGA), shared α-subunit (92 aa)

Cited onHCG

UniProt P01241 — Somatotropin (human growth hormone); mature sequence and disulfides (verifies residues 176-191 = FLRIVQCRSVEGSCGF, Cys182–189 loop)

Cited onHGH Fragment 176-191

UniProt P0DN87 — Choriogonadotropin subunit beta (CGB), 145 aa mature (legacy P01233 demerged)

Cited onHCG

UniProt P19883 (FST_HUMAN) — follistatin protein: 344 aa, 38,007 Da, signal 1–29, isoforms, activin/myostatin/GDF-11/BMP binding

Cited onFollistatin-344

UniProt P49913 — cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (gene CAMP); LL-37 sequence

Cited onLL-37 (Cathelicidin)

UniProt P62328 (human Thymosin β4 / TMSB4X)

Cited onTB-500

UniProt Q13705 (ACVR2B_HUMAN) — activin receptor type-2B, the receptor whose extracellular domain forms ACE-031's trap

Cited onACE-031

DailyMed — Ozempic (semaglutide) label

Cited onSemaglutide

DailyMed — Wegovy (semaglutide) label

Cited onSemaglutide

DailyMed — Mounjaro (tirzepatide) label

Cited onTirzepatide

DailyMed — Victoza (liraglutide) label

Cited onLiraglutide

DailyMed — Saxenda (liraglutide) label

Cited onLiraglutide

Vyleesi (bremelanotide) FDA Prescribing Information

Cited onPT-141

OVIDREL (choriogonadotropin alfa) FDA Prescribing Information

Cited onHCG

Pitocin (oxytocin injection, USP) FDA Prescribing Information

Cited onOxytocin

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP — Hospira/Pfizer (FDA label)

Cited onBAC Water

Sterile Water for Injection, USP (FDA label)

Cited onBAC Water

Bacteriostatic 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP (FDA label)

Cited onBAC Water

FDA PCAC briefing — Ipamorelin (2024)

Cited onIpamorelin

FDA — bulk drug substances under section 503A (Category 2 history)

Cited onCJC-1295

FDA label / DailyMed — Egrifta SV (tesamorelin) prescribing information

Cited onTesamorelin

FDA label — Egrifta WR (tesamorelin) 2025 prescribing information

Cited onTesamorelin

FDA — Interim policy on 503A bulk drug substances (AOD-9604 placed in Category 2, significant safety concerns, 2023; removed 2024 on nominator withdrawal)

Cited onAOD-9604

Philippine FDA Advisory No. 2019-182

Cited onGlutathione

FDA Rybelsus (oral semaglutide) label

Cited onSemaglutide

FDA/FTC action removing OTC homeopathic HCG weight-loss products (2011)

Cited onHCG

FDA — accelerated approval of first treatment for Barth syndrome (Forzinity, Sept 2025)

Cited onSS-31 (Elamipretide)

FDA Scenesse (afamelanotide) prescribing information — MC1R agonist, 16 mg SC implant, EPP indication (approved 2019)

Cited onMelanotan 1